scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi on Cocoa Plant (Theobroma cacao L.) and Antagonist Activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Author(s):  
Zaedar A. Rosmana ◽  
T. Kuswinanti Nasaruddin

Anthracnose disease which is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungi becomes a resistor factor in cocoa production. Infect on young leaves creates leaf blight, consequently those leaves can die completely or only several parts starting from leaf blade and then fall, but infection at mature leaves spots appear in random border form and leave hole in the same location. Branches with infected leaves will experience die back and look like a broom, in the other side, infection at young fruit turns fruit to be dried and wrinkled while at mature fruits showed dried and rotten tips. This research is aimed at finding potential endophytic fungi from cocoa plant that can resist the growth of pathogenic fungi, C. gloeosporioides which cause anthracnose on cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L). Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi on cocoa plant from Banggai district in Central Sulawesi results showed 10 isolates of endopphytic fungi: 2 isolates from leaves organ isolation; 4 isolates from stem; and 4 isolates from fruit pod. They both identified morphologically and macroscopically and found to have similarity to Trichoderma sp, Penicillium sp, Aspergilus sp that has resistance capability against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides colony through antagonist mechanism marked by the presence of resistance zone. Trichodermasp demonstrated the highest percentage at isolate G in 56,92%.

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Rarastyan Arum Widaysary ◽  
Ratna Susandarini

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the most important export commodities of Indonesia, with Sulawesi becomes the largest cocoa production centers in Indonesia. Since the majority cocoa production comes from Sulawesi Island, there is high diversity of cocoa clones cultivated in this area. The objective of this study was to explore morphological variability and to assess taxonomic affinity of cocoa clones cultivated by smallholder farmers in four districts of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nineteen cocoa clones from the districts of Sigibiromaru, Palolo, South Parigi and Sausu were used in this study. Fourteen morphological characters of leaves, fruits, and beans were examined. Cluster analysis were done to determine taxonomic affinity between the clones. Results of this study indicated that there was high morphological variability, mainly in fruit or pod characters. Cluster analysis on 14 morphological characters resulted in the grouping of the clones into two main clusters. The grouping of cocoa clones did not correspond to the geographical origin of samples. It is concluded that taxonomic affinity was determined by similarities of morphology, especially fruit and bean characters.


Author(s):  
Agung Wahyu Soesilo ◽  
Surip Mawardi ◽  
Witjaksono , ◽  
Woerjono Mangoendidjojo

AbstractThe characteristics of pod related to cocoa pod borer resistance (CPB, Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.) had been identified in a series study. This research has objective to evaluate performance of the characteristics using more diverse of genetic background to select criteria for selection. Genetic materials for this study were 25 cocoa clones which be planted in Central Sulawesi for resistant evaluation. Field evaluation of the resistance were assessed using the variable of the percentage of unextractable bean, number of entry and exit hole larvae by which the clones were grouped into 5 groups of resistance. A laboratory works were carried out to assess pod characteristics based on the number of trichome, granule of tannin and thickness the lignified-tissue of sclerotic layer using micro-technique method at the different level of pod maturity (3.0; 3.5; 4.0 months). Correlation between groups of those variables was analyzed using Canonical Correlation. The analysis performed a positive association between the thickness of sclerotic layer at the secondary furrow with the number of entry holes and the number of entry holes through sclerotic layer. The thickness performed a higher value of the coefficient in association with the variables of canonical for pod characteristics (0.59; 0.55; 0.43) and the variables of canonical for CPB resistance (0.54; 0.51; 0.39) that would presenting the characteristics of pod related to CPB resistance. Lignification at sclerotic layer was considered as genotypic expressions due to the thickness at the secondary furrow at 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 months of pod maturity performed high value of broad-sense heritability i.e. 0.75, 0.89 and 0.92 respectively. A qualitative assessment of the lignification clearly differentiate the resistant clones (ARDACIAR 10) with the susceptible clones (ICCRI 04, KW 516 and KW 564).Key words : cocoa pod borer, Theobroma cacao L., pod characteristics, resistance


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Alfian Siswanto ◽  
Ida Bagus Gede Darmayasa ◽  
I Ketut Muksin

Crop waste or cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) processing waste that doesn’t handle with care can polluting the environment around the farm. Rind of cacao can be used for composting, but it can be less effective because the nutrient of fresh cacao rind too complex and the ratio of C/N too high. This research intention to knows the potential of Aspergillus niger to degrade cellulose on waste cacao rind who have high ratio of C/N, with combination inoculum concentration and incubation time. The methods of this research begin with isolation and identification of A. niger from litter of cacao field, then the in vitro test done by CMCA (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose Agar) selective media, and then the cacao rind was testing by in vivo method. The results of this research shown that A. niger can degrade cellulose by in vitro ways, it can be seen by the clear zone that formed on CMCA selective media. The in vivo test on cacao rind shown decreasing of C/N ratio between 18,940%-40,623%. Combination of A3B3 treatment (15 mL inoculum concentration, 28 days incubation time) indicate the lowest C/N ratio 18,940%.


Author(s):  
Lilis Riana Tambunan ◽  
Meitini Proborini ◽  
Putu Adriani Astiti

Cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L.) can grow well in the highlands and lowlands, a plantation and industrial plantwhich is known as one of the export commodities, as raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industries which cancontribute to an increase in foreign exchange endophytic fungus is a fungus living on a live network of plants such asseeds, leaves, flowers, twigs, stems and roots. Truffles are generally mutualistic endophyte and is known to stimulate thegrowth of plants, capable of producing antibiotics and plant growth regulators (hormones). This study aims to determinethe diversity and identify endophytic fungi on Kakao.yang found in two different locations in Bali, in the village of KajaBuahan District of Payangan, Gianyar and the Village of Tua, Marga, Tabanan regency subdistricts. Research carried outin the field with the exploration methods, isolation, identification and diversity analysis conducted at the Laboratory ofPlant Taxonomy (Mycology), Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Udayana. Laboratoryresearch conducted by isolating the roots, leaves, plant stems and content of the soil (rhizosphere) cocoa. Once isolated,grown on PDA medium subsequently incubated at room temperature 250C. Isolates that grow back isolated and purifiedon a PDA medium for further identified to the genera or species level. A total of six isolates of endophytic fungi identifiedin the rhizosphere and cocoa plant that is where four of these isolates were identified to species, two isolates were notidentified until genus. Fungi were identified namely Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Cladosporiumsphaeropermum, Trichoderma viride, isolates 1 and 2 isolates.Keywords: cocoa, endophytic fungi, highlands and lowlands


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Nengah Suwastika ◽  
Nurul Aisyah Pakawaru ◽  
Rifka ◽  
Rahmansyah ◽  
Muslimin ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-788
Author(s):  
Aidé González Ruiz ◽  
Abiel Sánchez Arizpe ◽  
Yisa Maria Ochoa Fuentes ◽  
Ma. Elizabeth Galindo Cepeda ◽  
Raúl Rodríguez Guerra ◽  
...  

  Nodulosporium es un hongo ampliamente distribuido y que se encuentra en zonas tropicales y se ha reportado como fitopatógeno ocasionando muerte descendente, pudriciones y resinosis, también se le considera como un potencial agente de control biológico de otros hongos y oomicetos. El estado teleomorfo se encuentra en estado solitario y en racimos, y se ha reportado como endófito, saprofito o fitopatógeno débil. La variedad criolla de cacao Theobroma cacao, es de gran relevancia ecológica, económica y cultural en el estado de Chiapas; sin embargo, presenta alta susceptibilidad a enfermedades a diferencia de otras variedades importantes, afectando la calidad y producción. En Villa de Comaltitlán Chiapas se observaron frutos de cacao con características típicas de síntomas de pudrición. El objetivo fue identificar los hongos asociados a frutos de cacao enfermos con síntomas de pudrición. Se identificaron morfológicamente los hongos Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp., y Nodulosporium sp. Se informa por primera ocasión la presencia de Nodulosporium sp., en frutos de cacao con síntomas de pudrición de Villa de Comaltitlán, Chiapas, México. Se describe las características morfológicas y morfométricas de Nodulosporium sp. e Hypoxylon sp., y su identificación molecular. Se confirmó la patogenicidad de Nodulosporium sp., en follaje del cultivo causando clorosis y deshidratación de la hoja, y se recuperó en forma de picnidios y micelio con conidios, correspondiendo a su teleomorfo, identificado como Hypoxylon morfológica y molecularmente con los oligonucleótidos ITS4-ITS5.


Respati ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Elisabet Yunaeti Anggraeni ◽  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Icha Mufadila

INTISARITanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao, L.) atau yang biasa disebut coklat merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang tumbuh di lahan kering. Tanaman kakao merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan nasional yang berperan penting bagi pertumbuhan perekonomian Indonesia. Namun, dalam  budidayanya petani kakao seringkali menghadapi masalah yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas hasil produksi kakao. Karena permasalahan inilah yang membuat peneliti ingin membuat suatu sistem pendukung keputusan yang dapat membantu petani dan suplayer terutama CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa untuk menentukan kualitas biji kakao. Sistem yang dirancang menggunakan metode Weighted Product (WP) merupakan metode penyelesaian dengan menggunakan perkalian untuk menghubungkan nilai atribut, dimana nilai harus dipangkatkan terlebih dahulu dengan bobot atribut yang bersangkutan. Dengan adanya sistem  penunjang keputusan ini mampu membantu masyarakat untuk menentukan  kualitas biji kakao dan di harapkan sistem pendukung keputusan menggunakan metode Weighted Product dalam proses menentukan kualitas pada biji kakao tersebut dapat menyelesaikan masalah pada CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa, petani dan pengepul kakao dalam menentukan kualitas biji kakao yang baik Kata Kunci : Sistem Penunjang Keputusan, Weighted Product (WP), Biji Kakao ABSTRACTCacao (Theobroma cacao, L.) or commonly called cocoa is an estate crop that grows on dry land. Cacao is one of the leading national commodities that plays an important role in Indonesia's economic growth. However, in the cultivation of cocoa farmers often face problems that can cause a decrease in the quality of cocoa production. Because of this problem that makes researchers want to create a decision support system that can help farmers and suppliers, especially CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa to determine the quality of cocoa beans. The system is designed using the Weighted Product (WP) method is a method of settlement using multiplication to connect the attribute value, where the value must be raised first with the weight of the attribute in question. With this decision support system able to help the community to determine the quality of good cocoa beans and expected with the decision support system using the Weighted Product method in the process of determining the quality of the cocoa beans can solve the problem in the CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa, cocoa farmers and collectors in determining the quality of good cocoa beans. Keywords : Decision Support System, Weighted Product (WP), Cacao Beans


Author(s):  
Leli Amiruddin

Bibit  kakao yang berkualitas diperoleh melalui pemeliharaan yang baik dengan penggunaan jamur yang bermanfaat mengoptimalkan fungsi media tanam yang mengandung bahan organik. Salah satu diantaranya adalah penggunaan jamur Trichoderma sp. Pemanfaatan Jamur Trichoderma sp. memacu pertumbuhan bibit tanaman kakao. Penelitian bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian jamur Trichoderma sp. pada pertumbuhan bibit tanaman kakao. Terdapat dua perlakuan  yaitu: pemberian jamur Trichoderma sp. 20 mg/polybag dan tanpa pemberian jamur Trichoderma sp., yang masing-masing terdiri atas 12 unit poercobaan. Data dianalisis dengan statistic sederhana. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemberian jamur Trichoderma sp. 20 mg/polybag memberikan pengaruh terbaik dan hasil tertinggi pada bibit tanaman kakao pada semua parameter yang diamati.


Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 1369-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Ireland ◽  
N. A. Haji Mohamad Noor ◽  
E. A. B. Aitken ◽  
S. Schmidt ◽  
J. C. Volin

The Old World climbing fern, Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br., and Japanese climbing fern, L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw., are invasive noxious weeds in Florida (1). Exploratory surveys for classical biological control agents of L. microphyllum in the fern's native range of Australia and Asia have focused on aboveground herbivores (1). From February to August 2006, fungi were isolated from symptomatic foliage, including lesions associated with leaf curls caused by the mite Flocarus perrepae Knihinicki & Boczek., obtained from L. microphyllum at sites across southeast Queensland, Australia and from both fern species grown at the CSIRO Long Pocket Laboratories in Brisbane, Australia. Anthracnose symptoms with chlorotic margins, initiating at the tip or base of the individual pinnules, were observed on fronds. Dieback symptoms affected growing tips, with sunken lesions and a gradual necrotic wilt as far as the next growth junction of pinnae. Sections from diseased margins were surface sterilized, placed onto water agar, and incubated at 23°C with a 16-h photoperiod. Variable colonies of white-to-gray mycelia, felted or tufted with complete margins, grew well on oatmeal agar and potato dextrose agar. Conidia were hyaline to light salmon, aseptate, straight, and cylindrical (10.4 to 18.2 × 2.6 to 5.2 μm), borne in salmon-to-bright orange masses at 25°C, and consistent with previous descriptions of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (3), anamorph of Glomerella cingulata (2). Asci that formed after 3 to 4 weeks in culture were eight-spored, clavate to cylindrical (46.8 to 62.4 × 9.1 to 11.7 μm), and thickened at the apex, and ascospores were cylindrical (11.7 to 18.2 × 3.9 to 5.2 μm), slightly curved, unicellular and hyaline, which is consistent with descriptions of G. cingulata (2). No fruiting bodies were observed in planta; acervuli, setae, and perethecia were not observed. Identification was further confirmed by molecular analysis using the primer pair ITS1/ITS4 (4) (GenBank Accession No. EU697014), indicating 100% similarity to isolates of G. cingulata. To confirm pathogenicity, Koch's postulates were performed on three plants of L. japonicum and 12 plants of L. microphyllum, with an equal number of controls. Conidial suspensions were made to 1.7 × 106 conidia ml–1. During the experiments in the glasshouse, temperatures ranged from 12.6 to 40°C and relative humidity from 39 to 85%. Tips and fronds were collected after 2 to 8 weeks and isolation and identification performed. G. cingulata was consistently reisolated from diseased tissue. No symptoms appeared on controls and isolations did not yield the pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. cingulata infecting L. microphyllum and L. japonicum in Australia. Its potential as a biological control agent in the ferns' introduced range remains to be tested. References: (1) J. A. Goolsby et al. Biol. Control. 28:33, 2003. (2) J. E. M. Mordue. Glomerella cingulata. No. 315 in: CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CAB, Kew, UK, 1971. (3) B. C. Sutton. The Genus Glomerella and its Anamorph Colletotrichum. In: Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control. J. A. Bailey and M. J. Jeger, eds. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1992. (4) T. M. White et al. Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA for Phylogenetics. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.


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