scholarly journals Teori Gradasi : Komparasi Antara Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi Dan Mulla Sadra

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Benny Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Mulla Sadra ◽  
Specific Sense

Prior to Mullā Ṣadrā, the discussion of the gradation (al-tashkīk) was limited on the category of quality and that of quantity, both are known as the differential gradation (al-tashkīk al- tafāḍulī). In Ibn Sīnā’s point of view, the gradation occurs in the accidental matters (al-tashkīk fī al-‘araḍī) while in Suhrawardi’s, it occurs in the quiddity (al-tashkīk fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Ṣadrā rejects both views and proves that essentially (bi al-dhāt) the gradation, in the specific sense,  occurs  in  the  reality  of  existence  (tashkīk  fī  ḥaqīqat  al-wujūd), while the gradation in the general sense just follows (bi  al-ilḥaq) it.  Using descriptive-analytical method and comparative approache, this article is aimed to show the meeting points as well as separating ones of the thoughts of the three philosophers concerning gradation; also, to point out that after proving the oneness in the reality of existence and asserting the differential gradation in it, Mullā Ṣadrā proceeds to elaborate two other kinds of gradation:  (1) that which is more specific than the differential gradation, i.e., the causal gradation (al-tashkīk al-‘illī), and (2) that which is outside of the differential gradation, i.e., the accidental gradation.Keywords :  gradation,  the  gradation  in  matters,    the  causal  gradation,  the  accidental gradation.   Pembahasan  gradasi  (al-tasykīk)  sebelum  periode  Mullā  Shadrā  terbatas  pada  kategori kualitas  dan  kuantitas,  atau  dikenal  dengan  istilah  gradasi  diferensial  (al-tasykīk  al- tafādhulī).  Dalam  pandangan  Ibn  Sīnā,  gradasi  terjadi  pada  hal-hal  aksidental  (al-tasykīk fī  al-‘aradhī);  sementara  menurut  Suhrawardī,  gradasi  terjadi  pada  quiditas  (al-tasykīk  fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Shadrā menolak kedua pandangan tersebut dan membuktikan bahwa gradasi, dalam makna spesifik,  secara esensial (bi al-dzāt) terjadi pada hakikat eksistensi (tasykīk  fī  ḥaqīqat  al-wujūd), sedangkan gradasi dalam makna umum terjadi tidak secara esensial melainkan hanya mengikuti (bi al-ilḥaq). Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif- analitis dan pendekatan komparatif, ulasan artikel ini ditujukan untuk memperlihatkan titik temu dan perbedaan pandangan ketiga filsuf tersebut seputar gradasi; juga, menunjukkan  bagaimana  Mullā  Shadrā,  setelah  membuktikan  klaim  adanya  kesatuan  dan  gradasi diferensial  pada  hakikat  eksistensi,  melanjutkan  mengelaborasi  dua  gradasi  lainnya:  (1) pertama, gradasi yang lebih spesifik (akhashsh) dari gradasi diferensial, yaitu gradasi kausal (al-tasykīk al-‘illī); dan, (2) kedua, gradasi di luar gradasi direfensial, yaitu gradasi aksidental (al-tasykīk al-‘aradhi).  Kata-kata Kunci : gradasi, gradasi dalam materi, gradasi kausal, gradasi aksidental. 

The Problem of the Formation of Philosophical Prose in Persian

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 126-137
Author(s):  
Tatyana G. Korneeva
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Texts

The article discusses the problem of the formation of philosophical prose in the Persian language. The first section presents a brief excursion into the history of philosophical prose in Persian and the stages of formation of modern Persian as a language of science and philosophy. In the Arab-Muslim philosophical tradition, representatives of various schools and trends contributed to the development of philosophical terminology in Farsi. The author dwells on the works of such philosophers as Ibn Sīnā, Nāṣir Khusraw, Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Aḥmad al-Ghazālī, ʼAbū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī and gives an overview of their works written in Persian. The second section poses the question whether the Persian language proved able to compete with the Arabic language in the field of science. The author examines the style of philosophical prose in Farsi, considering the causes of creation of Persian-language philosophical texts and defining their target audience. The article presents viewpoints of modern orientalist researchers as well as the views of medieval philosophers who wrote in Persian. We find that most philosophical texts in Persian were written for a public who had little or no knowledge of the Arabic language, yet wanted to get acquainted with current philosophical and religious doctrines, albeit in an abbreviated format. The conclusion summarizes and presents two positions regarding the necessity of writing philosophical prose in Persian. According to one point of view, Persian-language philosophical works helped people who did not speak Arabic to get acquainted with the concepts and views of contemporary philosophy. According to an alternative view, there was no special need to compose philosophical texts in Persian, because the corpus of Arabic philosophical terminology had already been formed, and these Arabic terms were widely and successfully used, while the new Persian philosophical vocabulary was difficult to understand.

The Remembered Anthropologist: Engaging with the Insights of M. N. Srinivas

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-240
Author(s):  
Nita Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Social Anthropology ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Village Studies ◽  
Specific Sense

The plethora of M. N. Srinivas’s articles and books covering a wide range of subjects from village studies to nation building, from dominant caste in Rampura village to nature and character of caste in independent India, and from prospects of sociological research in Gujarat to practicing social anthropology in India have largely influenced the understanding of society and culture for well over five decades. Additionally, he meticulously wrote itineraries, memoirs and personal notes that provide a glimpse of his inner being, influences, ideologies, thought all of which have inspired a large number of and social anthropologists and sociologists across the world. It is then only befitting to explore the major concerns in the life and intellectual thought of one whose pioneering contributions have been the milestones in the fields of social anthropology and sociology in a specific sense and of social sciences in India in a general sense. This article centres around/brings to light the academic concerns that Srinivas grappled with the new avenues of thought and insights that developed consequently, and the extent of his rendition their relevance in framing/understanding contemporary society and culture in India.

Do We Need the Replacement of YSI 2300? A View from the Clinical Laboratory

2021 ◽  
pp. 193229682110071
Author(s):  
Loukia Spanou ◽  
Konstantinos Makris
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Comparator Method ◽  
Specific Device ◽  
Overall Performance

In this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Baumstark et al. evaluated the analytical performance of a bench-top laboratory glucose analyzer (SUPER-GL) intended for replacement for the YSI2300-STAT analyzer, that served for several decades as a comparator method in clinical and analytical studies of blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS). The authors concluded that the SUPER-GL’s overall performance is comparable to that of YSI2300-STAT, and has the potential to be a candidate comparator analyzer. However, the question is if we need to recommend as a “comparator method,” a specific device, that measure glucose using the same analytical method with most BGMS. In this analysis we present our point of view hoping to generate a discussion on the necessity for such a replacement.

Shaftesbury as Stoic

PMLA ◽  
1923 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther A. Tiffany
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Romantic Movement

A new interest of late has awakened in Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, through the realization that he is the fountain-head of much of the æsthetics and ethics prevalent in the last century and in our own time. While it has been generally recognized that the background of Shaftesbury's thought is classical, as was to be expected of any student and thinker of his period, deriving both from Stoicism and from Platonism and neo-Platonism, attention and interest have chiefly been concentrated upon those aspects of his thought which look toward the coming romantic movement. Also, such classical influences as have been recognized are usually interpreted from the post-renaissance point-of-view, as agreeing in the main with such modifications of Platonic and neo-Platonic thought as are referred to in discussing “Platonism” of Shelley. Thus C. W. Weiser enlarges upon Shaftesbury's indebtedness to the Platonic and neo-Platonic traditions—terms which he uses, as he explains, in a very general sense, as pertaining to the life of the feeling (the Platonic way) in opposition to the life of the reason (the Aristotelian way).

Product Liability and the Conflict of Laws

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Fairgrieve ◽  
Richard Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Private Law ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Conflict Of Laws ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Specific Sense

The conflict of laws is one of the names given to the subject that deals with the resolution of private law disputes between private law parties where the facts have a connection to more than one legal system. Such situations arise frequently in product liability. For example, a product is assembled in State A using different components manufactured in States B, C, and D. Alternatively, a product is manufactured in State A, placed upon the market in State B, and consumed by the purchaser in State C, causing him injury which requires treatment in State D. In product liability litigation the fact that there are foreign issues means that a lawyer presented with such a case by the claimant must consider additionally three basic and interrelated questions. First, can the desired court hear the case the claimant would present to it? This is the jurisdiction question. If the answer is ‘No’, the claimant’s case will not proceed in that forum but may be able to be presented in another forum. If the answer is ‘Yes’, this means that the rules of jurisdiction may allow the claimant’s case to proceed as desired. The question of jurisdiction has a general and a specific aspect: the court must have the jurisdiction to hear the claim considered both in a general sense and in the specific sense involving the specific parties that the claimant would involve in the litigation he hopes to conduct before it.

scholarly journals The first phylogenetic analysis of Palpigradi (Arachnida) – the most enigmatic arthropod order

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Giribet ◽  
Erin McIntyre ◽  
Erhard Christian ◽  
Luis Espinasa ◽  
Rodrigo L. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Two Alternatives

Palpigradi are a poorly understood group of delicate arachnids, often found in caves or other subterranean habitats. Concomitantly, they have been neglected from a phylogenetic point of view. Here we present the first molecular phylogeny of palpigrades based on specimens collected in different subterranean habitats, both endogean (soil) and hypogean (caves), from Australia, Africa, Europe, South America and North America. Analyses of two nuclear ribosomal genes and COI under an array of methods and homology schemes found monophyly of Palpigradi, Eukoeneniidae and a division of Eukoeneniidae into four main clades, three of which include samples from multiple continents. This supports either ancient vicariance or long-range dispersal, two alternatives we cannot distinguish with the data at hand. In addition, we show that our results are robust to homology scheme and analytical method, encouraging further use of the markers employed in this study to continue drawing a broader picture of palpigrade relationships.

scholarly journals Determination of the optimal curvature of the turnout diverging track for HSR using dynamic analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Władysław Koc ◽  
Katarzyna Palikowska
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Extreme Points ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Zero Values ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Selection Of

The paper presents an analytical method of identifying the curvature of the turnout diverging track consisting of sections of varying curvature. Such turnout is mainly applied on High Speed Railway. Both linear and nonlinear (polynomial) curvatures of the turnout diverging track are considered in the paper. Obtained solutions enable to assume curvature values at the beginning and end point of the geometrical layout of the turnout.The paper focus on a fundamental and unexplained so far issue connected with selection of the most favourable curvature section from the operational requirements point of view. In order to determine the optimal curvature a dynamic analysis has been carried out on the several representative cases. It has been indicated that, used in railway practice, clothoid sections with nonzero curvatures at the beginning and end points of the turnout should be verified. It has been proved that the turnout with nonlinear curvature reaching zero values at the extreme points of the geometrical layout is the most favourable.

scholarly journals العلم الإلهي باالجزئيات مقاربة ابن سينا و صدر المتألهين نموذجا

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
السيد خالد سيساوي خميني
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Universal Form ◽  
Divine Essence ◽  
Knowledge Of God ◽  
Mulla Sadra ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Divine Knowledge

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Abstract</strong> : The philosophical problems have closed ties with the principle of tawhid. One of them is the  problem  of 'divine knowledge' about the particular matters. This article shows those problems from the approach of Ibn Sīna and Mulla Ṣadra. Ibn Sīna holds that the Divine Essence knows the particular things in a universal form rather than in a particular. That is to say in the form of causality of forms that manifested in the system of existence (<em>wujūd</em>). Mulla Ṣadra on the other hand agrees that the Divine Essence is the forms of everything, without exception. He interprets the knowledge of God to the particular things that exist in the matter without any changing in the Divine knowledge itself, along with the events that turn.</p><p><strong>Keywords <em>: </em></strong><em>Divine knowledge of particular things, universal form, matter</em></p></div>

scholarly journals Somaestetyka i gastronomia. Kilka myśli o sztuce jedzenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Richard Shusterman
Keyword(s):  
General Sense ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Nutritional Qualities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Specific Sense

Somaestetyka i gastronomia Kilka myśli o sztuce jedzeniaRozpatrując estetykę gastronomii, można skupić się na co najmniej trzech odrębnych, choć powiązanych nawzajem elementach. Pierwszym są złożone procesy, doświadczenia i  względy cele i  kryteria przygotowywania pożywienia, do których zaliczyć można dbałość o  sposób podawania jedzenia na talerzu i  stole. Drugim elementem są obiekty spożywcze, jako takie, rozważane pod kątem swych własności — nie tylko w  sensie właściwości odbieranych przez różne narządy zmysłów, lecz także w  sensie szerszych społecznych i  symbolicznych znaczeń pokarmów, a  wśród nich ich wartości odżywczych. Trzecim elementem są rozmaite procesy składające się na konsumpcję pożywienia. Ten trzeci wymiar gastronomii dotyczący spożywania jedzenia można rozumieć jako sztukę jedzenia w  bardziej specyficznym sensie węższym od ogólnego pojęcia sztuki gastronomicznej. To na sztuce jedzenia właśnie skupia się mój artykuł. Co odróżnia zwykły akt jedzenia od sztuki jedzenia? Jakie cechy musi mieć podmiot praktykujący jedzenie jako wyrafinowaną sztukę i  jakim wartościom służy sztuka jedzenia? Jakie elementy przynależą do sztuki jedzenia i  w  jakie sposoby sztuka ta angażuje somatyczny podmiot, wymagając somatycznych umiejętności i  wrażliwości? Jak do lepszego zrozumienia sztuki jedzenia może przyczynić się somaestetyka? W  moim artykule staram się odpowiedzieć na te pytania. Somaesthetics and gastronomy: Reflections on the art of eatingIn considering the aesthetics of gastronomy, one can focus on at least three distinct, though related, elements. First, the complex processes, experiences, and considerations aims and criteria in preparing food, which can include also the preparations for the presentation of food on the plate and table; second, the food objects themselves in terms or their qualities — not only the qualities they present to our various senses but also in terms of their larger social and symbolic meanings which can also include meanings related to nutritional qualities; and third, the various processes involved in the consumption of the food. This third dimension of gastronomy, which concerns the ingestion of food, can be construed as the art of eating in the narrower, more specific sense rather than its general sense of gastronomical art, and it is the focus of my paper. What distinguishes the mere act of eating from an art of eating? What qualities are demanded of the subject who practices eating as a  refined art and what values does the art of eating serve? What are the different elements of the art of eating, and what are the different ways in such art engages the somatic subject and requires somatic skill and sensitivity? How can somaesthetics contribute to a  better understanding of the art of eating? My paper addresses these questions.

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