scholarly journals Involvement of lipids in immune system regulation: A mini-review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Kurnia Putri Utami ◽  
Widya Wasityastuti ◽  
Marsetyawan HNE Soesatyo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Immune System Regulation ◽  
Complex Lipids ◽  
Published Research

An immune system recognizes and responds to antigens entering the body. Maintaining these roles, components of the immune system need energy obtained from nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. This study reviews and discusses roles of lipids, particularly fatty acids, in regulations of the immune system. This study was conducted by conducting a literature study on published research articles written in English. The articles were obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar by using search keywords: lipid, fatty acids, immune, regulation, inflammation, and response. Lipids are a group of biomolecule compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, and they are classified into simple, compound and complex lipids. Fatty acids are compound lipids that act as a main fuel for metabolism, an essential component for all membranes, and a gene regulator. Fatty acids have a modulating effect on immune cells, such as: acting as a host defence, activating the immune system, interacting with nuclear transcription factors, playing roles in inflammatory responses, promoting apoptosis, as well as influencing lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and Natural Killer (NK) cell activities. However, the modulation of the immune system by lipids is influenced by various factors such as concentration and types of fatty acids, types of immune cells, and species. This study is suggested to provide an overview of beneficial roles of lipids in maintaining immunity.

The Immune System Regulation in Sepsis: From Innate to Adaptive

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 799-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Qiu ◽  
Guo-wei Tu ◽  
Min-jie Ju ◽  
Cheng Yang ◽  
Zhe Luo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune System Regulation

Sepsis, which is a highly heterogeneous syndrome, can result in death as a consequence of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The activation and regulation of the immune system play a key role in the initiation, development and prognosis of sepsis. Due to the different periods of sepsis when the objects investigated were incorporated, clinical trials often exhibit negative or even contrary results. Thus, in this review we aim to sort out the current knowledge in how immune cells play a role during sepsis.

Physical plasma and leukocytes – immune or reactive?

2018 ◽  
Vol 400 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Bekeschus ◽  
Christian Seebauer ◽  
Kristian Wende ◽  
Anke Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Physical Plasma

AbstractLeukocytes are professionals in recognizing and removing pathogenic or unwanted material. They are present in virtually all tissues, and highly motile to enter or leave specific sites throughout the body. Less than a decade ago, physical plasmas entered the field of medicine to deliver their delicate mix of reactive species and other physical agents for mainly dermatological or oncological therapy. Plasma treatment thus affects leukocytes via direct or indirect means: immune cells are either present in tissues during treatment, or infiltrate or exfiltrate plasma-treated areas. The immune system is crucial for human health and resolution of many types of diseases. It is therefore vital to study the response of leukocytes after plasma treatmentin vitroandin vivo. This review gathers together the major themes in the plasma treatment of innate and adaptive immune cells, and puts these into the context of wound healing and oncology, the two major topics in plasma medicine.

Lipid role in the immune system

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Rebecca Guenard ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Members ◽  
Inflammatory Pathways ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The essential fatty acids react with enzymes to produce a group of compounds known as specialized pro-resolving mediators, or SPMs. Researchers continually discover new members of the four groups of precursors that comprise the SPM family, called lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These stereospecific molecules shut down inflammation and restore the body to homeostasis, a mechanism researchers are targeting for treatment as an alternative to anti-inflammatory pathways.

The attenuation of pain behaviour and serum interleukin-6 concentration by nimesulide in a rat model of neuropathic pain

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taraneh Moini Zanjani ◽  
Masoumeh Sabetkasaei ◽  
Behnaz Karimian ◽  
Farzaneh Labibi ◽  
Babak Farokhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Pain Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Tests

AbstractBackgroundEvidence for a role of immune system in hyperalgesic pain states is increasing. Recent work in neuroimmunology suggests that the immune system does more than simply perform its well known functions of recognizing and removing invading pathogens and tumors. Interest in neuroinflammation and neuroimmune activation has grown rapidly in recent years with the recognition of the role of central nervous system inflammatiom and immune responses in the aetiology of pain states. Among various theories, the role of inflammatory responses of the injured nerve has recently received attention. Cytokines are heterogenous group of polypeptides that activate the immune system and mediate inflammatory responses, acting on a variety of tissue, including the peripheral and central nervous system. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is potentially important in pain aetiology, have pronociceptive actions. Neuropathic pain may be due to a primary insult to the peripheral or central nervous system. Substances released during inflammation from immune cells play an important role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Nimesulide, a highly selective cox-2 inhibitor, effectively reduces hyperalgesia due to peripherally administration of inflammatory agents like formalin. The safety of nimesulide was reported for some conditions in which other NSAIDs are contraindicated. Here we have determined the effect of nimesulide on pain behaviour and serum IL-6 level in chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain.MethodsExperiments were carried out on male Wistar rats, (weight 150–200 g, n = 8). Rats were divided into 3 different groups: 1-CCI + saline 0.9% 2Sham + saline 0.9% (control) 3CCI + drug. Nimesulide (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 1h before surgery and continued daily to day 14 post-ligation. 42 °C water for thermal hyperalgesia, von Frey filaments for mechanical allodynia, acetone test for cool allodynia and 10 °C water for cold hyperalgesia were respectively used as pain behavioural tests. Behavioural tests were recorded before surgery and on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and the serum concentration of IL-6 was determined at the day 14.ResultsThe results of this study showed a decrease in hyperalgesia and allodynia following nimesulide administration.ConclusionsIt appears that nimesulide was able to reduce pain behaviour due to nerve inflammation and a parallel decrease in the serum IL-6 concentration was observed.ImplicationsThe immune system is an important mediator in the cascade of events that ultimately results in hyperalgesia. Cytokines contribute to the patheogenesis of neuropathic pain, therefore drugs that inhibit cytokine release from immune cells may reduce inflammatory pain states.

scholarly journals Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dantzer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Short Range ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.

scholarly journals Вплив бровітакокциду сукупно з плодами розторопші плямистої на стан імунної системи індиків за еймеріозної інвазії

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (73) ◽  
pp. 163-168
Author(s):  
I. Khariv ◽  
B. Gutyj ◽  
V. Hunchak ◽  
N. Slobodyuk ◽  
A. Vynyarska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Specific Phase

The immune system provides resistance of the organism against bacterial and viral infections in the body of the poultry. In the intestinal mucosa of eymeria it was secrete metabolic products, that are toxic to various systems and tissues of turkeys. Eymeria, parasitizing in the gut, inhibit specific phase of immunity presented by antibodies (humoral type), reduce the activity of sensitized cells (cell type), slow down nonspecific phase of immunity, represented by various immune cells. The rapid and complete recovery of functional state of the immune system in turkeys, affected by eymeriozic invasion it was found if brovitatoxide was given if the aggregate of the fruits of milk thistle. Fruits contain group of flavius lignans named «Sylimaryn», acting immune stimulatory for the development of secondary immuno deficiencies state of body.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Defenses, COVID-19 and Pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Selva Rivas-Arancibia ◽  
Jennifer Balderas-Miranda ◽  
Lizbeth Belmont-Zúñiga ◽  
Martín Martínez-Jáquez ◽  
Eduardo Hernández-Orozco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Low Levels

Patients with degenerative diseases present a chronic oxidative stress state, which puts them at a disadvantage when facing viral infections such as COVID-19. This is because there is a close relationship between redox signaling and this inflammatory response. Therefore, chronic changes in the redox balance cause alterations in the regulation of the immune system. An inflammatory response that must be reparative and self-limited loses its function and remains over time. In a chronic state of oxidative stress, there is a deficiency of antioxidants. This results in low levels of hormones, vitamins and trace elements, which are essential for the regulation of these systems. Furthermore, low levels of antioxidants imply a diminished capacity for a regulated inflammatory responses are much more vulnerable to a cytokine storm that mainly attacks the lungs, since they present a vicious circle between the null or diminished response of the antioxidant systems and the loss of regulation of the inflammatory process. Therefore, these patients are at a disadvantage in counteracting the response of defense systems to infection from SAR-COV19. A plausible option may be to restore the levels of Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and of essential trace elements such as manganese, selenium, zinc, in the body, which are key to either preventing or reducing the severity of the response of the immune system to the disease caused by SAR-CoV2. For the present review, we searched the specific sites of the Cochrane library database, PubMed and Medscape. The inclusion criteria were documents written in English or Spanish, published during the last 10 years.

scholarly journals Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Immune Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saray Gutiérrez ◽  
Sara L Svahn ◽  
Maria E Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Alterations on the immune system caused by omega-3 fatty acids have been described for 30 years. This family of polyunsaturated fatty acids exerts major alterations on the activation of cells from both the innate and the adaptive immune system, although the mechanisms for such regulation are diverse. First, as a constitutive part of the cellular membrane, omega-3 fatty acids can regulate cellular membrane properties, such as membrane fluidity or complex assembly in lipid rafts. In recent years, however, a new role for omega-3 fatty acids and their derivatives as signaling molecules has emerged. In this review, we describe the latest findings describing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on different cells from the immune system and their possible molecular mechanisms.

Communication Between Minibrain in Gut and Enteric Immune System

Physiology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
JD Wood
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Neuroimmune Communication ◽  
Direct Investigation

An independent minibrain with as many neurons as the spinal cord and an immune system with a number of immune cells equal to those in the remainder of the body are found in the gut. This presents an ideal model for direct investigation of neuroimmune communication.

Autoimmune diseases and gender gap

PNEI REVIEW ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 14-29
Author(s):  
Anna Giulia Bottaccioli ◽  
Francesco Bottaccioli
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
External World ◽  
The Body ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
Microbial Agents

The concept of autoimmunity is both counterintuitive and anti-paradigmatic: indeed, during the last century, the immune system has been viewed as a defence system against external microbial agents - "the" cause of illness. However, the scientific research has found out that the immune system shows a much higher complexity, similarly to the nervous system: in particular, the immune system has an outstanding ability to adapt to the environment, which is defined by all the stimuli coming from either the inside of the body or the external world. Nutrition, physical activity, pollution, psychological stress, social relationships, and microbes (both symbiotic and pathogens) can greatly influence the activation of the immune system: on the one hand, the immune cells could be induced to orchestrate efficient responses to potential threats; on the other hand, they could be induced to attack the tissues of the body. The authors, therefore, aim to briefly review the research that showed how the environment, more than genetic factors, could influence the immune system, in particular, expanding on the reasons why autoimmunity appears to be way more prevalent in women than in men.

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