scholarly journals Convergence of the Study on Monochromatic X-rays and the Research on Nanoparticles Opens Up a Possibility to Develop a New Type of Radiation Therapy

Author(s):  
Fuyuhiko Tamanoi ◽  
Kotaro Matsumoto ◽  
Tan Le Hoang Doan ◽  
Ayumi Shiro ◽  
Hiroyuki Saitoh

Conventional radiation therapy uses white X-rays that consist of a mixture of X-ray waves with various energy levels. In contrast, a monochromatic X-ray (monoenergetic X-ray) has a single energy level. Irradiation of high Z elements with a synchrotron generated monochromatic X-ray with the energy at or higher than the K-edge energy of the element results in the production of the Auger electrons that cause DNA damage leading to cell killing. Delivery of high Z elements into cancer cells and tumor mass can be facilitated by the use of nanoparticles. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been shown to be effective in delivering high Z elements to cancer cells. A proof of principle experiment was reported that demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. This opens up a possibility to pursue the Auger cancer therapy by the combined use of MSNs loaded with high Z elements and monochromatic X-rays. Similar cancer therapies using other types of quantum beams such as neutron, proton and carbon ion beams can be envisioned.

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuyuhiko Tamanoi ◽  
Kotaro Matsumoto ◽  
Tan Le Hoang Doan ◽  
Ayumi Shiro ◽  
Hiroyuki Saitoh

While conventional radiation therapy uses white X-rays that consist of a mixture of X-ray waves with various energy levels, a monochromatic X-ray (monoenergetic X-ray) has a single energy level. Irradiation of high-Z elements such as gold, silver or gadolinium with a synchrotron-generated monochromatic X-rays with the energy at or higher than their K-edge energy causes a photoelectric effect that includes release of the Auger electrons that induce DNA damage—leading to cell killing. Delivery of high-Z elements into cancer cells and tumor mass can be facilitated by the use of nanoparticles. Various types of nanoparticles containing high-Z elements have been developed. A recent addition to this growing list of nanoparticles is mesoporous silica-based nanoparticles (MSNs) containing gadolinium (Gd–MSN). The ability of Gd–MSN to inhibit tumor growth was demonstrated by evaluating effects of irradiating tumor spheroids with a precisely tuned monochromatic X-ray.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Matsumoto ◽  
Hiroyuki Saitoh ◽  
Tan Le Hoang Doan ◽  
Ayumi Shiro ◽  
Keigo Nakai ◽  
...  

Abstract Synchrotron generated monochromatic X-rays can be precisely tuned to the K-shell energy of high Z materials resulting in the release of the Auger electrons. In this work, we have employed this mechanism to destruct tumor spheroids. We first loaded gadolinium onto the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) producing gadolinium-loaded MSN (Gd-MSN). When Gd-MSN was added to the tumor spheroids, we observed efficient uptake and uniform distribution of Gd-MSN. Gd-MSN also can be taken up into cancer cells and localize to a site just outside of the cell nucleus. Exposure of the Gd-MSN containing tumor spheroids to monochromatic X-ray beams resulted in almost complete destruction. Importantly, this effect was observed at an energy level of 50.25 keV, but not with 50.0 keV. These results suggest that it is possible to use precisely tuned monochromatic X-rays to destruct tumor mass loaded with high Z materials, while sparing other cells. Our experiments point to the importance of nanoparticles to facilitate loading of gadolinium to tumor spheroids and to localize at a site close to the nucleus. Because the nanoparticles can target to tumor, our study opens up the possibility of developing a new type of radiation therapy for cancer.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuya Higashi ◽  
Kotaro Matsumoto ◽  
Hiroyuki Saitoh ◽  
Ayumi Shiro ◽  
Yue Ma ◽  
...  

AbstractX-ray irradiation of high Z elements causes photoelectric effects that include the release of Auger electrons that can induce localized DNA breaks. We have previously established a tumor spheroid-based assay that used gadolinium containing mesoporous silica nanoparticles and synchrotron-generated monochromatic X-rays. In this work, we focused on iodine and synthesized iodine-containing porous organosilica (IPO) nanoparticles. IPO were loaded onto tumor spheroids and the spheroids were irradiated with 33.2 keV monochromatic X-ray. After incubation in CO2 incubator, destruction of tumor spheroids was observed which was accompanied by apoptosis induction, as determined by the TUNEL assay. By employing the γH2AX assay, we detected double strand DNA cleavages immediately after the irradiation. These results suggest that IPO first generate double strand DNA breaks upon X-ray irradiation followed by apoptosis induction of cancer cells. Use of three different monochromatic X-rays having energy levels of 33.0, 33.2 and 33.4 keV as well as X-rays with 0.1 keV energy intervals showed that the optimum effect of all three events (spheroid destruction, apoptosis induction and generation of double strand DNA breaks) occurred with a 33.2 keV monochromatic X-ray. These results uncover the preferential effect of K-edge energy X-ray for tumor spheroid destruction mediated by iodine containing nanoparticles.


about chemical bonding and molecular structure. This information can be used to detect th e types of organic materials present on the surface. 4.3.2.2. Raman spectroscopy (RS) [7, 8] It is used to examine the energy levels of molecules that cannot be well character-ized via infrared spectroscopy. Th e two techniques, however, are complimentary. In the RS, a sample is irradiated with a strong monochromatic light source (usu-ally a laser). Most of the radiation will scatter or "reflect off' the sample at the same energy as the incoming laser radiation. However, a small amount will scat-ter from the sample at a wavelength slightly shifted from the original wavelength. It is possible to study the molecular structure or determine the chemical identity of the sample. It is quite straightforward to identify compounds by spectral library search. Due to extensive library spectral information, the unique spectral finger-print of every compound, and the ease with which such analyses can be per-formed, the RS is a very useful technique for various applications. An important application of the RS is the rapid, nondestructive characterization of diamond, diamond-like, and amorphous-carbon films. 4.3.2.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) / energy dispersive X-ra y analysis (EDX) [7, 8] The SEM produce s detailed photographs that provide important information about the surface structure and morphology of almost any kind of sample. Image analy-sis is often the first and most important step in problem solving and failure analy-sis. With SEM, a focused beam of high-energy electrons is scanned over the sur-face of a material, causing a variety of signals, secondary electrons, X-rays, photons, etc. - each of which may be used to characterize the material with re-spect to specific properties . The signals are used to modulate the brightness on a CRT display, thereb y providing a high-resolution map of the selected material property. It is a surface imaging technique, but with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) it can identify elements in the near-surface region. This technique is most useful for imaging particles. 4.3.2.4. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) [7, 8] Incident X-rays are used to excite surface atoms. The atoms relax through the emission of an X-ray with energy characteristic of the parent atoms and the inten-sity proportional to the amount of the element present. It is a bulk or "total mate-rials" characterization technique for rapid, simultaneous, and nondestructive analysis of elements having an atomic number higher than that of boron. Tradi-tional bulk analysis applications include identifying metals and alloys, detecting trace elements in liquids, and identifying residues and deposits. 4.3.2.5. Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) [7, 8] It is a special XRF technique that provides extremely sensitive measures of the elements present in a material's outer surface. Applications include searching for metal contamination in thin films on silicon wafers and detecting picogram-levels o f arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium on hazardous, chemical fume hoods.

2003 ◽  
pp. 43-45

2019 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Nur Shafawati binti Rosli ◽  
Azhar Abdul Rahman ◽  
Azlan Abdul Aziz ◽  
Shaharum Shamsuddin ◽  
Suhana Arshad

Radiation therapy and chemotherapy remain the most widely used treatment options in treating cancer. Recent developments in cancer research show that therapy combined with high-atomic number materials such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is a new way to treat cancer, in which AuNPs are injected through intravenous administration and bound to tumor sites has enhanced tumor cell killing. Radiation therapy aims to deliver a high therapeutic dose of ionizing radiation to the tumor without exceeding normal tissue tolerance. In this work AuNPs have been used for the enhancement of radiation effects on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) for superficial kilovoltage X-ray radiation therapy. The use of AuNPs in superficial kilovoltage X-ray beams radiation therapy will provide a high probability for photon interaction by photoelectric effect. These provide advantages in terms of radiation dose enhancement. In this work, MCF-7 cells were seeded in the 96-well plate and treated with 13 nm, 50 nm and 70 nm AuNPs before they were irradiated with 80 kVp X-rays beam at various radiation doses. Photoelectric effect is the dominant process of interaction of 80 kVp X-rays with AuNPs. When the AuNPs are internalized into the MCF-7 cells, the dose enhancement effect is observed. The presence of AuNPs in the MCF-7 cells will produce a higher number of photoelectrons, and resulting more “free radicals” that will lead to increase in cell death. Then, these free radicals will lead to DNA damage to the MCF-7 cells. To validate the enhanced killing effect, both with and without AuNPs MCF-7 cells is irradiated simultaneously. By comparison, the results show that AuNPs significantly enhance cancer killing and the enhancement radiation effect was dependent on the size of AuNPs.


2001 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 268-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fabrika ◽  
A. Mescheryakov

The object SS433 is a well-known source of relativistic jets, which are formed in supercritical accretion disk. It is very probable that the disk has polar channels and their radiation is collimated (the photo-cones). A face-on SS433 object can appear as ultra-bright and highly variable X-ray source, Lx ˜ 1040 − 1042 erg/s. We discuss the properties of these hypothetical objects and their frequency expected in galaxies. We describe a search for such objects using the ROSAT All Sky Survey and RC3 catalog of galaxies. Among the total 418 positive correlations we find that 142 sources in S and Irr galaxies are unknown as AGNs. Nuclear sources among them still contain many AGNs. Non-nuclear (offset) sources are rather hard, their X-ray luminosities are 1039 − 1041 erg/s. Their observed frequency is about 4–5% per galaxy, that is in agreement with expected frequency of the face-on SS 433 stars. The only way to recognize such stars is their expected violent variability in X rays.


Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087
Author(s):  
Bindeshwar Sah ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Adam Vanasse ◽  
Nil Kanatha Pandey ◽  
Lalit Chudal ◽  
...  

The Copper-cysteamine (Cu-Cy) nanoparticle is a novel sensitizer with a potential to increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy for cancer treatment. In this work, the effect of nanoparticle size and the energy of X-rays on the effectiveness of radiation therapy are investigated. The effect of the particle size on their performance is very complicated. The nanoparticles with an average size of 300 nm have the most intense photoluminescence, the nanoparticles with the average size of 100 nm have the most reactive oxygen species production upon X-ray irradiation, while the nanoparticles with the average size of 40 nm have the best outcome in the tumor suppression in mice upon X-ray irradiation. For energy, 90 kVp radiation resulted in smaller tumor sizes than 250 kVp or 350 kVp radiation energies. Overall, knowledge of the effect of nanoparticle size and radiation energy on radiation therapy outcomes could be useful for future applications of Cu-Cy nanoparticles.


Nanoscale ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (17) ◽  
pp. 10095-10099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peipei Zhang ◽  
Yong Qiao ◽  
Chaoming Wang ◽  
Liyuan Ma ◽  
Ming Su
Keyword(s):  

Polyelectrolyte modified nanoparticles are delivered into cancer cells to enhance X-ray radiation therapy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10768
Author(s):  
Ye Chen ◽  
Frank Brinker ◽  
Winfried Decking ◽  
Matthias Scholz ◽  
Lutz Winkelmann

Sub-ångström working regime refers to a working state of free-electron lasers which allows the generation of hard X-rays at a photon wavelength of 1 ångström and below, that is, a photon energy of 12.5 keV and above. It is demonstrated that the accelerators of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser can provide highly energetic electron beams of up to 17.5 GeV. Along with long variable-gap undulators, the facility offers superior conditions for exploring self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) in the sub-ångström regime. However, the overall FEL performance relies quantitatively on achievable electron beam qualities through a kilometers-long accelerator beamline. Low-emittance electron beam production and the associated start-to-end beam physics thus becomes a prerequisite to dig in the potentials of SASE performance towards higher photon energies. In this article, we present the obtained results on electron beam qualities produced with different accelerating gradients of 40 MV/m–56 MV/m at the cathode, as well as the final beam qualities in front of the undulators via start-to-end simulations considering realistic conditions. SASE studies in the sub-ångström regime, using optimized electron beams, are carried out at varied energy levels according to the present state of the facility, that is, a pulsed mode operating with a 10 Hz-repetition 0.65 ms-long bunch train energized to 14 GeV and 17.5 GeV. Millijoule-level SASE intensity is obtained at a photon energy of 25 keV at 14 GeV electron beam energy using a gain length of about 7 m. At 17.5 GeV, half-millijoule lasing is achieved at 40 keV. Lasing at up to 50 keV is demonstrated with pulse energies in the range of a few hundreds and tens of microjoules with existing undulators and currently achievable electron beam qualities.


Author(s):  
Ulyana Pidvalna ◽  
◽  
Roman Plyatsko ◽  
Vassyl Lonchyna ◽  
◽  
...  

On January 5, 1896, the Austrian newspaper Die Presse published an article entitled “A Sensational Discovery”. It was dedicated to the discovery of X-rays made on November 8, 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Having taken into account the contribution of other scientists, the precondition of the given epochal, yet unexpected, discovery was, first and foremost, the work of the Ukrainian scientist Ivan Puluj. It was Puluj who laid the foundation for X-ray science. He explained the nature of X-rays, discovered that they can ionize atoms and molecules, and defined the place of X-ray emergence and their distribution in space. In 1881, Puluj constructed a cathode lamp (“Puluj’s tube”) which was fundamentally a new type of light source. In the same year, in recognition of this discovery, Puluj received an award at the International Exhibition in Paris. Investigating the processes in cathode-ray tubes, Ivan Puluj set the stage for two ground-breaking discoveries in physics, namely X-rays and electrons. Puluj used his cathode lamp in medicine as a source of intense X-rays which proved to be highly efficient. The exact date of the first X-ray images received by Puluj remains unknown. High-quality photographs of the hand of an eleven-year-old girl, taken on January 18, 1896, are preserved. Multiple X-ray images clearly visualized pathological changes in the examined structures (fractures, calluses, tuberculous bone lesions). High-quality images were obtained by means of the anticathode in the design of Puluj’s lamp, which was the first in the world. The image of the whole skeleton of a stillborn child (published on April 3, 1896 in The Photogram) is considered to be the starting point of using X-rays in anatomy.


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