scholarly journals La transmission d'Aristote par les Arabes à la chrétienté occidentale. Une trouvaille relative au De Interpretatione

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Jean F. MONTEIL
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
White Men ◽  
Natural System ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Logical System ◽  
Logical Square ◽  
Logical Hexagon ◽  
De Interpretatione

In chapter VII of On Interpretation, Aristotle alters a system of three pairs of natural contradictory propositions, in that he ignores the pair where two natural universals Men are white, Men are not white oppose each other contradictorily. This alteration has serious consequences: the two natural pairs, which Aristotle considers exclusively: All men are white versus Some men are not white and Some men are white versus No man is white are illegitimately identified to the two pairs of logical contradictories constituting the logical square: A versus 0 and I versus E respectively. Thus, the level of natural language and that of logic are confused. The unfortunate Aristotelian alteration is concealed by the translation of propositions known as indeterminates. To translate these, which, semantically, are particulars, all scholars, except for P.Gohlke, employ the two natural universals excluded by the master! The work of I. Pollak, published in Leipzig in 1913, reveals the origin of this nearly universal translation mistake: the Arabic version upon which AI-Farabi unfortunately bases his comment. In adding the vertices Y and U to the four ones of the square, the logical hexagon of Robert Blanche allows for the understanding of the manner in which the logical system and the natural system are linked.

Formal and informal meaning from documents through skeleton sentences

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Marcoux ◽  
C. M. Sperberg-McQueen ◽  
Claus Huitfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Logical System ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
Structured Document

In [Sperberg-McQueen et al. 2000a], Sperberg-McQueen et al. describe a framework in which the semantics of a structured document is represented by the set of inferences (statements) licensed by the document, that is, statements which can be considered to hold on the basis of the document. The authors suggest that an adequate set of basic inferences can be generated from the document itself by a fairly simple skeleton sentence and deictic expression mechanism. These ideas were taken up and developed in various ways and contexts in later work (see for example [Sperberg-McQueen et al. 2002]) and came to be called the “Formal tag-set description” approach (FTSD). The approach is independent of any particular logical system, and the possibility that the statements licensed by a document be in natural language has been mentioned and exemplified, though not to a large extent. With a different set of preoccupations in mind (namely, providing semantic support to an author during the document creation process), Marcoux introduced in [Marcoux 2006] intertextual semantics (IS), a framework in which the meaning of a document is entirely and exclusively represented by natural language segments. In this paper, we compare the IS and FTSD approaches, and argue that the insights into the meaning of a document supplied by the two approaches actually complement each other. We give a number of concrete examples of increasing complexity, including the set of formal and informal statements derivable in each case, to substantiate our claim.

scholarly journals On Logics of Transitive Verbs With and Without Intersective Adjectives

Studia Humana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Selçuk Topal
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Logic Program ◽  
Logical System ◽  
Natural Logic ◽  
Transitive Verbs

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the natural logic program which invents logics in natural language. This study presents two logics: a logical system called d R(∀,∃) containing transitive verbs and a more expressive logical system R(∀,∃, IA) containing both transitive verbs and intersective adjectives. The paper offers three different set-theoretic semantics which are equivalent for the logics.

A Logical System of Metaphor Understanding within Context

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 3983-3986
Author(s):  
Min Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Logical System ◽  
Language Discourse ◽  
Language Semantics ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Basic Concepts

The research of metaphor understanding is a significant field of cognitive science. Metaphor plays an important role in natural language discourse. There is a close relationship between logic and metaphor. Metaphor can be described by epistemic logic. In this article, we try to put forward a logical system to describe metaphor understanding within context. First, we introduce some basic concepts of this metaphor understanding logical system. Then, a logical system of metaphor understanding within context is constructed, including the language, semantics, axioms and so on. Finally, some discussions about this logical system are showed.

Factors Influencing Electrophysiologic Responsivity in Normal Adults

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-347
Author(s):  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin RosenblÜt
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
White Light ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Electrodermal Responses ◽  
Normal Adults

Electrodermal and electroencephalic responsivity to sound and to light was studied in 96 normal-hearing adults in three separate sessions. The subjects were subdivided into equal groups of white men, white women, colored men, and colored women. A 1 000 cps pure tone was the conditioned stimulus in two sessions and white light was used in a third session. Heat was the unconditioned stimulus in all sessions. Previously, an inverse relation had been found in white men between the prominence of alpha rhythm in the EEG and the ease with which electrodermal responses could be elicited. This relation did not hold true for white women. The main purpose of the present study was to answer the following questions: (1) are the previous findings on white subjects applicable to colored subjects? (2) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive electrophysiologically on one day equally responsive (or unresponsive) on another day? and (3) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive to sound equally responsive (or unresponsive) to light? In general, each question was answered affirmatively. Other factors influencing responsivity were also studied.

Race Difference in Auditory Sensitivity

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Shepherd ◽  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin Rosenblüt
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Auditory Sensitivity ◽  
Race Difference ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Békésy Audiometry ◽  
Method Of Adjustment ◽  
Better Than

Two separate studies investigated race and sex differences in normal auditory sensitivity. Study I measured thresholds at 500, 1000, and 2000 cps of 23 white men, 26 white women, 21 negro men, and 24 negro women using the method of limits. In Study II thresholds of 10 white men, 10 white women, 10 negro men, and 10 negro women were measured at 1000 cps using four different stimulus conditions and the method of adjustment by means of Bekesy audiometry. Results indicated that the white men and women in Study I heard significantly better than their negro counterparts at 1000 and 2000 cps. There were no significant differences between the average thresholds measured at 1000 cps of the white and negro men in Study II. White women produced better auditory thresholds with three stimulus conditions and significantly more sensitive thresholds with the slow pulsed stimulus than did the negro women in Study II.

1267: Prostate-Specific Antigen Velocity among African-American and White Men Without Prostate Cancer

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 334-334
Author(s):  
Walter J. Simoneaux ◽  
Caleb B. Bozeman ◽  
Brett S. Carver ◽  
Donald A. Elmajian
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
African American ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
White Men

I Saw That

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Sarah Kramer ◽  
Kaitlin M. Lewin ◽  
Allison S. Romano ◽  
Brian P. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
White Men ◽  
Bias Effect

Abstract. The shooter bias effect reveals that individuals are quicker to “shoot” armed Black (vs. White) men and slower to “not shoot” unarmed Black (vs. White) men in a computer task. In three studies ( N = 386), we examined whether being observed would reduce this effect because of social desirability concerns. Participants completed a “shooting” task with or without a camera/live observer supposedly recording behavior. Cameras were strapped to participants’ heads (Studies 1a/1b) and pointed at them (Study 1b). In Study 2, a researcher observed participants complete the task while “filming” them with a smartphone. We replicated the shooter bias, but observation only reduced the effect in Study 2. These results reveal that being observed can reduce the shooter bias effect.

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