scholarly journals The legal paradox in the work of Eça de Queiroz: thoughts on the novels “O crime do padre Amaro” and “O primo Basílio”

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-273
Author(s):  
Eduardo de Carvalho Rêgo
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Law ◽  
Correct Application ◽  
Main Instrument

This paper searches for one possible way of understanding the Law based on the novels "O crime do padre Amaro" and "O primo Basílio", by Portuguese writer Eça de Queiroz. In both novels, the deaths of the female characters (Amélia and Luísa) are consequences of their lovers’ conducts (Amaro’s and Basílio’s), with no legal punishments for any of them. After reading these novels, there might be a feeling of injustice to the women, even if the male characters had not formally done any criminal actions. Precisely, this lack of action of the Law creates a paradox: even though the search for Justice is its main objective, by attempting to accomplish that purpose, sometimes severe injustice is brought by it, such as what happens to Amélia and Luísa. This research used the inductive scientific method, so the analysis of specific phenomena serves to generate generic conclusions. In this case, the main conclusion is the paradoxical trait of the Law, which is the main instrument for Justice, but is, at the same time, strongly capable of generating injustice because of its correct application.

scholarly journals Ibsen’s The Pillars of Society: Female Protest against Patriarchy

NUTA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Arjun Dev Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Patriarchal Power ◽  
The Voice

This study explores social relationship between male and female in Henrik Ibsen’s play “The Pillars of Society”. The first part of the study analyzes a sexist society in which male characters subjugate females through their hegemonic power. The female characters appear meek, submissive and voiceless. The second part of this study examines the revolutionary role of the female characters who raise their voice against all-pervasive patriarchal power. They protest against male formulated institutions which have kept women voiceless and marginalized. Being dissatisfied with the defenders of patriarchal status quo, Ibsen’s female protagonists come to the fore to challenge prevailing social conviction about femininity and domesticity. They lead a crusade to establish their position and identity as human beings equal to men. In this play, the female characters Lona, Martha and Dina hold a revolutionary banner to protest against male domination of female. In their constant struggle, they win while the male characters become loser. This study analyses the voice of these leading female characters in the light of feminist theory proposed by scholars such as Kete Millett and Sylvia Walby.

Galileo and the Law of Fall

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-137
Author(s):  
Robert T. Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Projectile Motion ◽  
Parabolic Trajectory ◽  
The Law

Galileo broke away from Aristotle’s incorrect theories of motion towards his own based on experimental evidence. He employed experimentation to discover the parabolic trajectory of projectile motion and also the Law of Fall. His work helped establish the scientific method and launch the scientific revolution.

Thinking About the Concept of Social Gender With a Film

2020 ◽  
pp. 228-247
Author(s):  
Berceste Gülçin Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
The Public ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Social ◽  
Narrative Cinema ◽  
Feminist Film ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Public Sphere

The concept of social gender is an interdisciplinary matter of debate and is still questioned today. Making sense of this concept is understood by the ongoing codes in the social order. However, the fact that men are still positioned as dominating women in the contrast of the public sphere/private sphere prevents the making sense of the concept of gender. This study questions the concept of social gender through the female characters and male characters presented in the film Tersine Dünya (1993) within the framework of Judith Butler's thoughts regarding the notion of the subject. The thoughts of feminist film theorists also bring the strategies of representation of female characters up for discussion. Butler's thoughts and the discourses of feminist film theorists will enable both making sense of social gender and a more concrete understanding of the concept of the subject. The possibility of deconstruction of patriarchal codes by using classical narrative cinema conventions is also brought up for discussion in the examined film.

Freeing Ahasuerus, Haman, and Mordechai: Liberating the Oppressor in the Book of Esther

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-61
Author(s):  
Denise Flanders
Keyword(s):  
Biblical Text ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Patriarchal Ideology

Abstract The approach taken in this essay proceeds from the assumption that the biblical text of Esther reflects a patriarchal ideology and it is largely the males in the story who wield the power. However, instead of examining the negative consequences for the female characters and how the patriarchal system forces them to operate, I look to the male characters to see how they fare in the system of patriarchy which they undoubtedly inhabit. In the first part of the essay, I consider the call issued by womanist and liberation theologians from traditionally marginalized communities for the need for liberation of both the oppressed and the oppressors from systems of oppression. In the second part of the essay, I respond to this call via an analysis of the book of Esther. First, I examine four different actions or attitudes that characterize the men in the story. Second, I observe some places where their power clearly brings them loss. Third, I argue that the destructive attitudes, actions, and relationships of the men in the story demonstrate their own need for liberation from the oppressive system of patriarchy from which they supposedly benefit.

scholarly journals Pragmatic use of ancient greek pronouns in two communicative frameworks

Pragmatics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Meluzzi
Keyword(s):  
Female Characters ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Membership Categorization ◽  
Related Distribution ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Context Dependent

This paper deals with the use of personal pronouns (PPs) in Ancient Greek in two Aristophanes’ comedies (i.e. Lysistrata and Ecclesiazusae). The main purpose of this study is to show that Ancient Greek PPs often have a pragmatic function, in particular linked to the speaker’s communicative goals. The analysis highlights the presence of a gender-related distribution and a context-dependent use of personal pronouns. In particular, male characters prefer 1st person singular pronouns, whereas female characters use more 1st person plural pronouns with an inclusive value. Moreover, in two communicative frameworks it is possible to notice how PPs are used for their value of membership categorization. In this respect PPs can be considered possible markers of autonomía or afiliación (see Bravo 1999). Some peculiar instances of referential ambiguities concern in particular the use of 1st and 2nd person plural pronouns in both comedies.The analysis shows that use of Ancient Greek PPs varies according to gender and context. Moreover, it is clear that in both comedies this variation should be explained mainly as a pragmatic strategy of membership categorization, thus showing instances of non-prototypical uses of PPs similar to other languages (e.g. Spanish, English, Modern Greek).

scholarly journals TRANSGRESI SEKSUAL DALAM NOVEL PARA PENEBUS DOSA KARYA MOTINGGO BUSYE (Sexual Transgression in Motinggo Busye’s “Para Penebus Dosa”)

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Ferry Fauzi Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Female Character ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Sexual Transgression ◽  
Descriptive Method

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan transgresi seksual yang terdapat dalam novel Para Penebus Dosa karya Motinggo Busye. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah metode deskriptif analitis. Data dari novel dideskripsikan untuk memperoleh gambaran transgresi seksual. Dalam novel tersebut pelanggaran terhadap kebiasaan seksual, norma, dan kelas digambarkan melalui peristiwa seksual yang dialami oleh para tokoh, terutama tokoh perempuan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tokoh perempuan digambarkan banyak melakukan tindak transgresi dibandingkan dengan tokoh laki-laki. Analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa narator dalam novel memiliki sikap bias gender dan mendukung nilai-nilai patriarki dengan lebih banyak memberikan hukuman terhadap tokoh perempuan yang melakukan tindak transgresi seksual dibandingkan kepada tokoh laki-laki.Abstract:The paper aims at describing sexual transgression in Motinggo Busye’s “Para Penebus Dosa”.  The research applies descriptive method. The sexual transgressions elaborated in the novel are presented through the deviance of sexual affairs, social norms, and class experienced by the characters, especially female character. The result of the research shows that  female characters described in the story committed a lot of sexual transgressions compared to male characters. The study also reveals that the narrator in the novel  has a gender bias act. Moreover, he supports values of patriarchy by giving more punishment to the female committing sexual transgression act than to the male.

scholarly journals J.R.R. TOLKIEN’S CONSTRUCTION OF MULTIPLE MASCULINITIES IN THE LORD OF THE RINGS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Domínguez Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
60Th Anniversary ◽  
Lord Of The Rings ◽  
The Third ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Fantasy Novels ◽  
Las Mujeres

Abstract: The Lord of the Rings is one of the most widely acclaimed fantasy novels in history and since it was first published in the fifties, the analysis of the work from the perspective of gender has mainly focused on its female characters. In this article, written on the 60th anniversary of the first publication of the third and last volume, The Return of the King, my aim is to focus rather on the most relevant male characters and what types of masculinities they perform, offering thus a new re-reading of the text from the point of view of masculinities. Title in Spanish: “La construcción de masculinidades múltiples en El Señor de los Anillos, de J.R.R. Tolkien”Resumen: El Señor de los Anillos es una de las novelas de fantasía más aclamadas de la historia. Desde que fue publicada en los cincuenta, el análisis de esta obra desde el punto de vista del género se ha centrado fundamentalmente en las mujeres. En este artículo, escrito en el sexagésimo aniversario de la primera publicación del tercer y último volumen de la obra, El Retorno del Rey, mi intención es centrarme sin embargo en los tipos de masculinidades representados por algunos de los personajes más relevantes, ofreciendo una nueva relectura del texto desde el punto de vista de las masculinidades.

scholarly journals The Identification of Slurs and Swear Words in Bronte Sisters’ Novels

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Citra Suryanovika ◽  
Irma Manda Negara
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Wuthering Heights ◽  
Male Characters

This research aimed at identifying the categories of slurs, presenting how swear words expressed in male or female characters of Bronte sisters’ novels, and examining the social status scale in presenting slurs. The research was a qualitative content analysis of which process was categorizing, comparing, and concluding. The researchers employed MAXQDA 2018.1 (the data analysis tool) for analyzing the samples of five female and male main characters of the novel of Emily Bronte (Wuthering Heights), Charlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre), and Anne Bronte (The Tenant of Wildfell Hall). The research has shown three out of nine Thurlow’s pejorative items (social personality, phallocentric, and sexist), the possible formation of social personality slurs, the identification of swear words for showing speakers’ emotional states, and the influence of social status scale on the expression of slurs. It proves that slurs and swear words are used to deliver a derogatory attitude. The sexist slurs are not only delivered from male characters to female characters, but it is also found in Catherine Earnshaw targeting Nelly although they have similar gender background (female). Slurs are found in the characters from both high and low social rank since the plot develops the relationship amongst the characters. One unexpected finding is the different swear words between the characters. Swear words found in the novel are not only dominated by the word devil, damn, or by hell, but also the word deuce and humbug. The varied swear words proves that the male characters do not dominantly produce swear words, but also euphemistic expression.

scholarly journals Social Identity and Use of Taboo Words in Angry Mood: A Gender Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashamdar ◽  
Fahimeh Rafi
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Gender Study ◽  
Taboo Words ◽  
University Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between social identity and the taboo words men and women use in order to express their anger. Moreover, this study went further and investigated the relationship between using taboo words in male and female participants who had a university degree and those who did not. In order to do the research, 20 female and 20 male adults, whose professions were similar in pairs, were randomly selected. The researcher recorded their voices when they were in an angry mood. After recording data, the researcher made a transcription of the first fifty words uttered by each participant. Then, the taboo words- words which were considered offensive or shocking and that were discouraged in public places - were calculated. Finally, the percentage of taboo words used by each participant was calculated and compared to that of the others. The findings of the study confirmed that the percentage of using taboo language by male characters, in different social identities, was much more than that of female characters. On the other hand, by dividing the participants into two groups of those who had a university degree, and those with no university degree, the researcher came to the conclusion that both male and female participants with a university degree used less taboo words than those without a university degree.

scholarly journals قاعدة الأصل بقاء ما كان على ما كان وتطبيقها في الصائم الذي أفطر قبل غروب الشمس خطأً: دراسة مقارنة بين المذاهب الأربعة وشيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-282
Author(s):  
Syandri Syandri ◽  
Muhammad Ikhsan ◽  
Abi Hendri
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The People ◽  
The Law

This research discusses the law of the people who break the fast assuming the sun has set, then proved afterwards that the sun has not set by comparing the four schools and Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyyah, as well as how the implementation of the rule al-Aṣl Baqā' mā Kān 'alā mā Kān. This research aims to find out how the law of fasting according to the four schools, Shaykh Islam Ibn Taymiyyah in this matter, and how the above rules are implemented in this matter. The scientific method used in this study is inductive and deductive methods. The results showed that the law of fasting according to jumhūr al-ulamā’ for people who break the fast assuming the sun has set, then it is clear afterwards that the sun has not set is the unvalid fast, and he is obliged to replace (qaḍā’) it based on the proposition in their view. Jumhūr put this issue in the rule of al-aṣl baqā' mā kān 'alā mā kān. In contrast to Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taimiyah who considers that his fasting is valid and unnecessary based on the proposition on which he handles it, and he does not include this problem in the rule of al-aṣl baqā' mā kān 'alā mā kān.

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