Incineration as a Means of CO2 Reduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Renae Chin Aleong ◽  
Rodney R. Jagai
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Rate Of Combustion ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Community Area ◽  
Temperature Time

Abstract Incineration is a method of waste management, which is quickly taking a prominent role in munic ipa l authorities all over the world. The introduction of smokeless incinerators aids in decreasing adverse environmental impacts, making this technology a viable alternative to landfills. Modern designs and advancements in incineration processes focus on enhancements in energy efficiency and reductions in emissions of CO2, thus creating an avenue for sustainable energy. It is a means to combat organic substances in waste and separate dangerous gases and particulates from flue gas. Modern incinerators have efficient emission control systems that use multiple techniques for the elimination, at source, of potentially hazardous emissions and automatically control the rate of combustion. Smokeless combustion can be achieved through a combination of temperature, time and turbulence. The range of test incinerators used for this study covers a broad spectrum of usage reduces munic ipa l solid waste to a mere 0.3% of its original state. Reductions in CO2 are directly correlated to decreases in the amount of waste to be transported to off-site landfills, thus reducing the number of trips to and from same. Such reductions are in tandem with the goal of carbon neutrality, or rather, carbon net-zero, which requires the sequestration of an equal amount of CO2 produced. Comparisons are provided for reductions of CO2 as a result of the reduction in the burning of diesel by backload refuse trucks. Case studies are presented for communities with a significant general waste generation where CO2 emission from the waste pickup and transport to and from landfills are compared to that of CO2 emissions after the installation of a smokeless incinerator unit in a central community area. The most significant finding is that CO2 emissions are reduced by approximately 50% in most cases, with the introduction of these units. The introduction of these smokeless incinerator units can combat waste management woes in a shorter space of time, in parallel with achieving environmental targets such as that of Carbon Neutrality.

scholarly journals Future Power Train Solutions for Long-Haul Trucks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2225
Author(s):  
Ralf Peters ◽  
Janos Lucian Breuer ◽  
Maximilian Decker ◽  
Thomas Grube ◽  
Martin Robinius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Achieving the CO2 reduction targets for 2050 requires extensive measures being undertaken in all sectors. In contrast to energy generation, the transport sector has not yet been able to achieve a substantive reduction in CO2 emissions. Measures for the ever more pressing reduction in CO2 emissions from transportation include the increased use of electric vehicles powered by batteries or fuel cells. The use of fuel cells requires the production of hydrogen and the establishment of a corresponding hydrogen production system and associated infrastructure. Synthetic fuels made using carbon dioxide and sustainably-produced hydrogen can be used in the existing infrastructure and will reach the extant vehicle fleet in the medium term. All three options require a major expansion of the generation capacities for renewable electricity. Moreover, various options for road freight transport with light duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) are analyzed and compared. In addition to efficiency throughout the entire value chain, well-to-wheel efficiency and also other aspects play an important role in this comparison. These include: (a) the possibility of large-scale energy storage in the sense of so-called ‘sector coupling’, which is offered only by hydrogen and synthetic energy sources; (b) the use of the existing fueling station infrastructure and the applicability of the new technology on the existing fleet; (c) fulfilling the power and range requirements of the long-distance road transport.

Catholyte-free electroreduction of CO2 for sustainable production of CO: Concept, process development, techno-economic analysis, and CO2 reduction assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaeseo Lee ◽  
Wonhee Lee ◽  
Kyung Hwan Ryu ◽  
Joungho Park ◽  
Hyo-Jin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Sustainable Production ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
The Future

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECO2R) is considered as one of economically viable means to convert CO2 into useful products, for achieving carbon neutrality in the future. Many studies have been conducted...

scholarly journals Achieving Net Zero Carbon Dioxide by Sequestering Biomass Carbon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Amelse
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Co2 Sequestration ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
The World

Mitigation of global warming requires an understanding of where energy is produced and consumed, the magnitude of carbon dioxide generation, and proper understanding of the Carbon Cycle. The latter leads to the distinction between and need for both CO2 and biomass CARBON sequestration. Short reviews are provided for prior technologies proposed for reducing CO2 emissions from fossil fuels or substituting renewable energy, focusing on their limitations. None offer a complete solution. Of these, CO2 sequestration is poised to have the largest impact. We know how to do it. It will just cost money, and scale-up is a huge challenge. Few projects have been brought forward to semi-commercial scale. Transportation accounts for only about 30% of U.S. overall energy demand. Biofuels penetration remains small, and thus, they contribute a trivial amount of overall CO2 reduction, even though 40% of U.S. corn and 30% of soybeans are devoted to their production. Bioethanol is traced through its Carbon Cycle and shown to be both energy inefficient, and an inefficient use of biomass carbon. Both biofuels and CO2 sequestration reduce FUTURE CO2 emissions from continued use of fossil fuels. They will not remove CO2 ALREADY in the atmosphere. The only way to do that is to break the Carbon Cycle by growing biomass from atmospheric CO2 and sequestering biomass CARBON. Theoretically, sequestration of only a fraction of the world’s tree leaves, which are renewed every year, can get the world to Net Zero CO2 without disturbing the underlying forests.

A cyclical model of production and consumption waste management: Organizational and financial aspects at the regional level

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1296-1320
Author(s):  
Anna L. SABININA ◽  
Svetlana A. IZMALKOVA ◽  
Irina V. SYCHEVA ◽  
Aleksandr S. VASIN ◽  
Natal'ya A. SYCHEVA
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Regional Project ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Consumption Waste

Subject. We focus on activation of activities at the regional economy level to transform the linear model of production and consumption waste management into the most rational and environmentally sustainable cyclical model. Objectives. The aim is to develop a cyclical model for the rational organization of activities in the field of production and consumption waste management to reduce the volume of disposal to zero in the foreseeable future. Methods. The study employs methods of economic and statistical analysis and methods of project management theory. Results. The study presents a methodological approach to the organization and financing of rational and environmentally sustainable activities at the level of the Federal subject in the field of waste management, based on a cyclical model. To build the model, the following principles are used: consistency, complexity of basic elements, cyclical actions of progressive and recurrent nature, industry characteristics, constructive interaction of the State, business, banks and the population to reduce the impact on the environment. Conclusions. The implementation of the "Management of Production and Consumption Waste Based on the Principles of a Cyclical Model" regional project will enable to solve the problem of environmental pollution of territories, including the solid municipal waste. The project success is determined by the extent, to which the waste management sector of the regional economy is knowledge-intensive, technologically advanced, and financially secure to reduce the environmental impact in terms of adherence to the carbon neutrality policy.

Externalities and Internalisation of Radioactive Waste Producing Activities: The Analogy With Environmental Practices

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre L. Kunsch
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Radioactive Waste Management ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle

Abstract All human activities generate negative externalities, in particular the use of radioactive material for electricity production and radioisotope applications. Both activities produce radioactive waste, which can, therefore, be considered as being specific externalities. The purpose of the paper is to investigate these externalities and to identify appropriate internalisation instruments. Analogue cases in environmental management are discussed. In general the nuclear externalities are not internalised in the management costs charged by Radioactive Waste agencies (RAWA). The paper explores the possibility of having an internalisation of all costs as requested by the strict application of the Polluter Pays Principle. In the case of electricity production a comparison is made between the externalities attributed to nuclear waste and those in relation with CO2-emissions from the combustion of fossil fuel. A brief overview is given on the evaluation approach in ExternE (“Externalities of Energy”). The evaluations are the basis for the design of a carbon tax applicable to fossil fuels for reducing CO2-emissions. A similar tax could be charged on radioactive waste management. Beyond the internalisation objective, the tax proceeds could finance the technological R&D for improving the conditions of storage and disposal, and provide compensations to local residents in the vicinity of nuclear waste management facilities. The management of spent radioisotope equipment in medicine, research, or industry is shown to have similar features to the management of packages, spent electrical appliances, and the disposal of batteries. In general the price of management of the spent material is not included in the purchase price. In case of spent radioisotope equipment, the externality mainly represents the risk of this material becoming a hazard for the public health. It is recommended to internalise the full costs of management to eliminate this risk. Moreover spent material should be registered and RAWA should maintain detailed inventories on their national territories. In order to induce the free return of spent material to the RAWA, deposit refund systems could be set in place as in the package or battery market. A surcharge is paid by purchase, which is refunded to the buyers when they return the product for recycling or proper disposal. The paper concludes by describing lessons and possible implications of the previously discussed environmental tax or surcharge systems on the way the Polluter-Pays Principle is applied in radioactive waste management.

scholarly journals Achieving Carbon Neutrality for A Future Large Greenhouse Gas Emitter in Quebec, Canada: A Case Study

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 810
Author(s):  
Patrick Faubert ◽  
Sylvie Bouchard ◽  
Rémi Morin Chassé ◽  
Hélène Côté ◽  
Pierre-Luc Dessureault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Potential Solution ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Zero Carbon

To reach the Paris Agreement targets of holding the global temperature increase below 2 °C above the preindustrial levels, every human activity will need to be carbon neutral by 2050. Feasible means for industries to achieve carbon neutrality must be developed and assessed economically. Herein we present a case study on available solutions to achieve net-zero carbon from the get-go for a planned liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Quebec, which would classify as a large Canadian greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter. From a literature review, available options were prioritized with the promoter. Each prioritized potential solution is discussed in light of its feasibility and the associated economic opportunities and challenges. Although net-zero carbon is feasible from the get-go, results show that the promoter should identify opportunities to reduce as much as possible emissions at source, cooperate with other industries for CO2 capture and utilization, replace natural gas from fossil sources by renewable sources and offset the remaining emissions by planting trees and/or buying offsets on the compliance and voluntary markets. As some of these solutions are still to be developed, to ensure timely net-zero pledge for the lifespan of the LNG plant, a portfolio and progressive approach to combine offsets and other options is preferable.

scholarly journals Achieving Net Zero Carbon Dioxide by Sequestering Biomass Carbon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Amelse
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Complete Solution ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
The World ◽  
Zero Carbon

Many corporations aspire to become Net Zero Carbon Dioxide by 2030-2050. This paper examines what it will take. It requires understanding where energy is produced and consumed, the magnitude of CO2 generation, and the Carbon Cycle. Reviews are provided for prior technologies for reducing CO2 emissions from fossil to focus on their limitations and to show that none offer a complete solution. Both biofuels and CO2 sequestration reduce future CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. They will not remove CO2 already in the atmosphere. Planting trees has been proposed as one solution. Trees are a temporary solution. When they die, they decompose and release their carbon as CO2 to the atmosphere. The only way to permanently remove CO2 already in the atmosphere is to break the Carbon Cycle by growing biomass from atmospheric CO2 and sequestering biomass carbon. Permanent sequestration of leaves is proposed as a solution. Leaves have a short Carbon Cycle time constant. They renew and decompose every year. Theoretically, sequestrating a fraction of the world’s tree leaves can get the world to Net Zero without disturbing the underlying forests. This would be CO2 capture in its simplest and most natural form. Permanent sequestration may be achieved by redesigning landfills to discourage decomposition. In traditional landfills, waste undergoes several stages of decomposition, including rapid initial aerobic decomposition to CO2, followed by slow anaerobic decomposition to methane and CO2. The latter can take hundreds to thousands of years. Understanding landfill chemistry provides clues to disrupting decomposition at each phase.

scholarly journals The role of negative emissions in meeting China’s 2060 carbon neutrality goal

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Fuhrman ◽  
Andres F Clarens ◽  
Haewon McJeon ◽  
Pralit Patel ◽  
Yang Ou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Negative Emissions ◽  
Air Capture

Abstract China’s pledge to reach carbon neutrality before 2060 is an ambitious goal and could provide the world with much-needed leadership on how to limit warming to +1.5°C warming above preindustrial levels by the end of the century. But the pathways that would achieve net zero by 2060 are still unclear, including the role of negative emissions technologies. We use the Global Change Analysis Model to simulate how negative emissions technologies, in general, and direct air capture (DAC) in particular, could contribute to China’s meeting this target. Our results show that negative emissions could play a large role, offsetting on the order of 3 GtCO2 per year from difficult-to-mitigate sectors, such as freight transportation and heavy industry. This includes up to a 1.6 GtCO2 per year contribution from DAC, constituting up to 60% of total projected negative emissions in China. But DAC, like bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and afforestation, has not yet been demonstrated anywhere approaching the scales required to meaningfully contribute to climate mitigation. Deploying NETs at these scales will have widespread impacts on financial systems and natural resources, such as water, land and energy in China.

scholarly journals The climate change mitigation effects of active travel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Brand ◽  
Evi Dons ◽  
Esther Anaya-Boig ◽  
Ione Avila-Palencia ◽  
Anna Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Active Travel ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Quality Of Urban Life ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
Car Travel ◽  
Daily Travel

Abstract Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable form of getting from A to B. Yet the net effects of active travel on mobility-related CO2 emissions are complex and under-researched. Here we collected travel activity data in seven European cities and derived lifecycle CO2 emissions from daily travel activity. Daily mobility-related lifecycle CO2 emissions were 3.2 kgCO2 per person, with car travel contributing 70% and cycling 1%. Cyclists had 84% lower lifecycle CO2 emissions from all daily travel than non-cyclists. Lifecycle CO2 emissions decreased by -14% (95%CI -12% to -16%) per additional cycling trip and decreased by -62% (95%CI -61% to -63%) for each avoided car trip. An average person who ‘shifted travel modes’ from car to bike decreased lifecycle CO2 emissions by 3.2 (95%CI 2.0 to 5.2) kgCO2/day, and using a bike as the ‘main method of travel’ gave 7.1 (95%CI 4.8 to 10.4) kgCO2/day lower lifecycle CO2 emissions than mainly using a car or van. Investing in and promoting active travel should be a cornerstone of strategies to meet net zero carbon targets, particularly in urban areas, while also improving public health and quality of urban life.

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