A Way to Reduce the Uncertainties, Optimize and Reduce Time During the Multistage Cut and Retrieve Operations for Surface Plug Placement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Volkov ◽  
Mal Evans ◽  
Garry Haggart ◽  
Ruslan Gaifutdinov ◽  
Robert Beagrie
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Operation Timing ◽  
Cement Plug

Abstract Planning and execution of the well plug and abandonment(P&A) requires detailed knowledge of the downhole barrier's integrity status and position of its downhole completion elements.[Maxim Volkov] This input is utilized for the determination of zones for permanent plugs, casing cuts and retrieval procedures. The last one can be significantly optimized if conducted across the zones with minimal total wall thickness. Cutting the casing across casing collars, fins or casing decentralization may extend the operation requiring more time and resources to achieve success. However, the detailed completion information is not always available due to several well handover. This may result in casing cut performed blindly, based on the position of the first casing collars revealed by caliper or ultrasound surveys. This may result in an increase of the RIG operation timing from few hours to few days. The paper shows results of downhole scanning during three subsea wells P&A campaign at the stage of environmental plug deployment. This included cutting and pulling out of casing wellhead elements (casing stumps) after milling works, before setting environmental cement plug in seabed zone. Casing wellhead design may include the first 13 3/8" and 20" casing joint welded fins to centralize casings. Typical casing joint with fins (rigid type) is shown in figure 1. The abandonment program included milling of these casings and the cutting through the minimal or nominal wall thicknesses with avoiding fins and collars of the casings. The depth of the cutting window initially was set from the available well diagrams, which were not available in all the wells. Thus, the main role of the scanning was to verify and optimize the casings cut window depth to perform the process with minimal issues. Figure 1 Casing joint with rigid centralizers-fins.

Modern Role of the Electron Microscope in Rubber Research

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 697-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Ladd ◽  
M. W. Ladd
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Carbon Gel ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Particle Size And Shape

Abstract Until recently, the main role of the electron microscope in rubber research was the determination of particle size and shape of reinforcing pigments and fillers. The electron microscope proved its value in its first industrial problem in 1940 when it showed the particle size of Micronex to be 28 mµ. In 1942 it established the correlation between particle size of carbon and rubber properties. The next contribution was the establishment of reticulate chain structure, in 1945, using stereo-photomicrography. The electron microscope led the way to the carbon gel concept when carbons producing different road wear results were shown to have equal particle size and structure. Micrographs of carbon gel were published in 1951. Studies of rubber latexes, various pigments and fillers were also applications of the electron microscope in which the determination of particle size and shape was involved. Today, improvements in resolution, development of new techniques and accessory equipment have greatly expanded the application of the electron microscope. This paper is concerned mainly with describing these new developments ; first, as a help to electron microscopists in the rubber field; second, to illustrate what can be done with the electron microscope, so that research and production men can recognize possible applications of this discerning tool to the solution of their problems. Electron microscopes have come a long way in the short 20-year period. Figure 1 shows the microscope used in our laboratories. This instrument is currently resolving detail as fine as 10 A or 1 mµ in routine daily operation. Its design makes possible the development of special holders and thereby increases its value as a research tool. Another piece of equipment that is as important in microscope research as the electron microscope itself is the evaporating unit shown in Figure 2. This is used for shadowing and forming replication films under vacuum, thus making possible studies of rubber surfaces and surfaces of pigments and other rubber ingredients. In shadowing, detail is made visible by coating the specimen with metal evaporated at an angle from the tungsten basket at A. Carbon can be evaporated by the arc at B, forming a replicating film or mold of the specimen. This will be discussed under “preparation”. Today, the proper preparation of specimens is the most important step in successful microscopy. The various preparations used are as follows.

scholarly journals A novel IS26 structure surrounds bla CTX-M genes in different plasmids from German clinical Escherichia coli isolates

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 580-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cullik ◽  
Y. Pfeifer ◽  
R. Prager ◽  
H. von Baum ◽  
W. Witte
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Main Role ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Relationship Analysis ◽  
New Type ◽  
Plasmid Profiling

This report focuses on the molecular characterization of 22 extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates collected in a German university hospital during a period of 9 months in 2006. Relationship analysis of clinical isolates was done via PFGE, multilocus sequence typing, plasmid profiling and additionally PCR for bla ESBL detection and determination of phylogroups. After conjugal transfer, plasmid isolation and subsequent PCR for bla ESBL detection and determination of incompatibility groups were performed. Using one-primer walking, up to 3600 bp upstream and downstream of different bla CTX-M genes could be sequenced. β-Lactamases found were TEM-1 (n=14), SHV-5 (n=1) and a wide variety of CTX-M types (n=21), i.e. CTX-M-15 (n=12), CTX-M-1 (n=4), CTX-M-14 (n=2), CTX-M-9 (n=1), CTX-M-3 (n=1) and one new type, CTX-M-65 (n=1). In 18 isolates, bla ESBL genes were located on conjugative plasmids of sizes between 40 and 180 kbp belonging to incompatibility groups FII (n=9), N (n=5) and I1 (n=4). bla CTX-M was found to be associated with the common elements ISEcp1, IS26 and IS903-D, but with unusual spacer sequences for ISEcp1 in two isolates. These insertion sequences, connected to bla CTX-M as well as other genes, were located between two IS26 elements in a configuration that has not yet been described. The results reveal the emergence of bla ESBL, predominantly bla CTX-M, located on different plasmids harboured by genotypically different E. coli strains. The identical gene arrangement in the bla CTX-M neighbourhood in plasmids of different incompatibility groups indicates a main role of IS26 in distribution of mobile resistance elements between different plasmids.

scholarly journals Anandamide and endocannabinoid system: an attractive therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virna Margarita Martín Giménez ◽  
Sandra Edith Noriega ◽  
Diego Enrique Kassuha ◽  
Lucía Beatriz Fuentes ◽  
Walter Manucha
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
The Relationship

Cardiovascular disease is currently not adequately managed and has become one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current therapies are inadequate in terms of preventing its progression. There are several limitations, such as poor oral bioavailability, side effects, low adherence to treatment, and high dosage frequency of formulations due to the short half-life of the active ingredients used, among others. This review aims to highlight the most relevant aspects of the relationship between the cardiovascular system and the endocannabinoid system, with special attention to the possible translational effect of the use of anandamide in cardiovascular health. The deep and detailed knowledge of this interaction, not always beneficial, and that for years has gone unnoticed, is essential for the development of new therapies. We discuss the most recent and representative results obtained in the field of basic research, referring to the aforementioned subject, emphasizing fundamentally the main role of nitric oxide, renal physiology and its deregulation in pathological processes.

Role of spectrin in membrane fusion and in shape change of human erythrocyte ghost

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
Hideo Hayashi ◽  
Yoshikazu Hirai ◽  
John T. Penniston
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Human Erythrocyte ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Bank Blood ◽  
Human Erythrocyte Ghost

Spectrin is a membrane associated protein most of which properties have been tentatively elucidated. A main role of the protein has been assumed to give a supporting structure to inside of the membrane. As reported previously, however, the isolated spectrin molecule underwent self assemble to form such as fibrous, meshwork, dispersed or aggregated arrangements depending upon the buffer suspended and was suggested to play an active role in the membrane conformational changes. In this study, the role of spectrin and actin was examined in terms of the molecular arrangements on the erythrocyte membrane surface with correlation to the functional states of the ghosts.Human erythrocyte ghosts were prepared from either freshly drawn or stocked bank blood by the method of Dodge et al with a slight modification as described before. Anti-spectrin antibody was raised against rabbit by injection of purified spectrin and partially purified.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

A Molecular Approach to Immunoscintigraphy: A Study of the T-Antigen Conformation on the Surface of Tumors

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Selvaraj ◽  
M. R. Suresh ◽  
G. McLean ◽  
D. Willans ◽  
C. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Human Carcinomas ◽  
Animal Tumor ◽  
Synthetic Antigens

The role of glycoconjugates in tumor cell differentiation has been well documented. We have examined the expression of the two anomers of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen on the surface of human, canine and murine tumor cell membranes both in vitro and in vivo. This has been accomplished through the synthesis of the disaccharide terminal residues in both a and ß configuration. Both entities were used to generate murine monoclonal antibodies which recognized the carbohydrate determinants. The determination of fine specificities of these antibodies was effected by means of cellular uptake, immunohistopathology and immunoscintigraphy. Examination of pathological specimens of human and canine tumor tissue indicated that the expressed antigen was in the β configuration. More than 89% of all human carcinomas tested expressed the antigen in the above anomeric form. The combination of synthetic antigens and monoclonal antibodies raised specifically against them provide us with invaluable tools for the study of tumor marker expression in humans and their respective animal tumor models.

On The Mechanism Of Heparin-Induced Potentiation Of Platelet Aggregation

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Yamamoto ◽  
K Watanabe ◽  
Y Ando ◽  
H Iri ◽  
N Fujiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Marked Enhancement ◽  
Matrix Bound ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Aggregation Of Platelets ◽  
Plasma Heparin

It has been suggested that heparin caused potentiation of aggregation induced by ADP or epinephrine. The exact mechanism of heparin-induced platelet activation, however, remained unknown. In this paper, we have investigated the role of anti-thrombin III ( AT ) in heparin-induced platelet activation using purified AT and AT depleted plasma. When ADP or epinephrine was added to citrated PRP one minute after addition of heparin ( 1 u/ml, porcine intestinal mucosal heparin, Sigma Co. USA ), marked enhancement of platelet aggregation was observed, compared with the degree of aggregation in the absence of heparin. However, in platelet suspensions prepared in modified Tyrode’s solution, heparin exhibited no potentiating effect on platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine or ADP. Potentiation of epinephrine- or ADP-induced platelet aggregation by heparin was demonstrated when purified AT was added to platelet suspensions at a concentration of 20 μg/ml. AT depleted plasma, which was prepared by immunosorption using matrix-bound antibodies to AT, retained no AT, while determination of α1-antitrypsinα2- macroglobulin and fibrinogen in AT depleted plasma produced values which corresponded to those of the original plasma when dilution factor was taken into account. The activities of coagulation factors were also comparable to those of the original plasma. Heparin exhibited potentiating effect on ADP- or epinephrine-induced aggregation of platelets in original plasma, but no effect in AT depleted plasma. When purified AT was added back to AT depleted plasma at a concentration of 20 μg/ml, potentiation of platelet aggregation by heparin was clearly demonstrated.Our results suggest that effect of heparin on platelet aggregation is also mediated by anti-thrombin III.

ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ РОЗВИТКУ В СУЧАСНІЙ ПСИХОЛОГІЇ

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Анжеліка Шамне
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
Development Site ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Self Motion

У статті розглянуто сучасні підходи до інтерпретації категорії розвитку, розкрито теоретичні  та методологічні підходи до вивчення категорії розвитку у сучасній психології, визначено її психологічний  зміст,   моделі,   структуру   та   динаміку.   Категорія   розвитку   розглядається   як   епіцентр   наукової  проблематики у психології та як поняття інтегративного типу. Розвиток проаналізовано як категорію,  явище і проблему психології розвитку в різних аспектах аналізу. Розглянуто місце розвитку в системі  споріднених психологічних понять. У статті також аналізуються психологічні аспекти теоретичних та  методологічних  постнекласичних  тенденцій  вивчення  природи,  характеру  та  визначення  психічного  розвитку. Постнекласична парадигма та плюралістична методологія пізнання визначають розмитість  дисциплінарної мови  та  врахування  ролі  соціокультурного  контексту  при  вивченні  психологічних явищ.  Важливими тенденціями сучасного теоретико-методологічного стану психологічних досліджень розвитку  також є визнання неефективності моністичного підходу до його вивчення, взаємозв'язок теоретичних ідей  та   спроби   створення   метатеоретичних   схем,   постнекласичне   розуміння   розвитку   як   принципово  незавершеного   процесу   саморуху,   актуалізація   антропологічного   діапазону   проблем   та   посилення  спрямованості на роль культурного контексту в дослідженні розвитку людини.  The article deals with the modern approaches to the interpretation of the category of development, reveals  the theoretical and methodological approaches to study of development in modern psychology, its psychological  content, patterns, structure and dynamics. Category of development is viewed as an epicenter of scientific issues in  modern  psychology  and  the  concept  of  the  integrative  type.  Category  of  development  is  considered  as  the  phenomenon  and  the  problem  of  developmental  psychology  in  various  aspects  of  the  analysis.  Analyzed  the  development site in the related psychological concepts. The article analyzes the psychological aspects of theoretical  and methodological postnonclassical contemporary trends in the study of nature, character, and determination of  mental  development.  Postnonclassical  paradigm  and  pluralistic  methodology  of  knowledge  determine  the  disciplinary blurring and increase of the role of the analysis of socio-cultural context in the study of psychological  phenomenon. The important tendencies of modern theoretical and methodological state of psychological researches  of development are facts of inefficiency of the monistic approach to its study, interconnection of theoretical ideas  and   attempts   of  creating   metatheoretical   schemes,   postnonclassical   understanding   of   development   as   a  fundamentally  uncompleted  process  of  self-motion,  actualization  of  anthropological  range  of  problems  and  strengthening of focus on the role of cultural context in research of human development.   

Role of the family focused technologies in the clinical course of pregnancy at women of high obstetric risk

2016 ◽  
pp. 64-66
Author(s):  
S.Yu. Vdovichenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Premature Births ◽  
Individual Support ◽  
The Family ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Individual Preparation

The objective: to show a role of the family focused technologies in depression of frequency of pathology of pregnancy at women of high obstetric risk. Patients and methods. For determination of efficiency of prophylaxis of pathology of pregnancy on the basis of use of the family focused technologies complex clinical-psychological and laboratory and tool examination of 300 women with factors of obstetric risk which were divided into two groups was conducted. In the main group – 182 women with motivation on partner labors to which provided training on system of individual preparation of married couple to labors. The comparison group consisted of 118 women who were not in prenatal training and had individual support in childbirth, with the traditional approach to pain management. Results. Use of the family focused technologies during pregnancy allows to reduce significantly the frequency of the main complications of pregnancy, especially not incubation and premature births. Conclusion. In our opinion, the technique is simple, available and can widely be used in practical health care at women with high obstetric risk. Key words: obstetric risk, the family focused technologies, prophylaxis.

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