scholarly journals Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses of Red-colored Leaves From Eucommia Ulmoides ‘Huazhong No. 12’

Author(s):  
Yun Yang ◽  
Jiao Meng Chen ◽  
Huan Huan Ding ◽  
Jing Le Zhu ◽  
Yan Hong Du

Abstract Background: Eucommia ulmoides ‘Oliver’ is an economically important tree species with highly medicinal and ecological values that is naturally distributed in China. E. ulmoides ‘Huazhong No. 12’ (H12) is the only red-leaf genotype of this species. In this study, the pigment contents of H12 and E. ulmoides ‘Huazhong No. 11’ (H11, green leaves) were determined. The differential metabolites in H12 and H11 were detected by UPLC-MS/MS, and the differentially expressed genes were screened by transcriptome. Then the key metabolites and corresponding gene regulation in anthocyanin related metabolic pathway were analyzed.Results: The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents in H12 leaves were lower than H11, while the total anthocyanin content in H12 was 4.06 times higher than in H11. There were 96 up-regulated metabolites in H12, including anthocyanin, proanthocyanidins, flavonoid and flavonol. Among them, four differentially expressed anthocyanins were identified. A total of 8,368 differentially expressed genes were selected from transcriptome between H12 and H11. The flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway, anthocyanin pathway and photosynthetic pathway were analyzed. Finally, EuCHI, EuF3'H, EuF3'5'H, EuDFR and Eu3MaT1 were recommended as the key genes. The cyanidin, cyanidin 3-malonyl-glucoside and cyanidin 3, 5-glucoside were responsible for the H12 red leaves.Conclusion: This study revealed the metabolites and gene regulation of anthocyanin synthesis, and the potential function between the anthocyanin and photosynthetic gene expression in E. ulmoides red leaves. Notably, the results also provided a reference for the study of other plant leaf-coloring mechanisms.

Genome ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Won Jin ◽  
Md Abdur Rahim ◽  
Hoy-Taek Kim ◽  
Jong-In Park ◽  
Jong-Goo Kang ◽  
...  

Ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a winter-grown and important decorative plant of the family Brassicaceae, which displays an exceptional coloration in the central leaves of the rosette. Anthocyanins are the key determinant of the red, purple, and blue colors of vegetative and reproductive parts of many plant species including ornamental cabbage. Total anthocyanin content was measured spectrophotometrically, and the highest anthocyanin content was detected in the red followed by light-red and white ornamental cabbage lines. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is controlled by members of three different transcription factor (TF) families, such as MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD40 repeats (WDR), which function as a MBW complex. We identified three MYB, six bHLH, and one WDR TFs that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in ornamental cabbage. The expression of the regulatory and biosynthetic genes for anthocyanin synthesis was determined by qPCR. The tested structural genes of the anthocyanin pathway were shown to be up-regulated in the red followed by light-red ornamental cabbage lines; however, the expression levels of the late biosynthetic genes were barely detected in the white ornamental cabbage lines. Among the regulatory genes, BoPAP2 (MYB), BoTT8, BoEGL3.1, and BoMYC1.2 (bHLH), and BoTTG1 (WDR) were identified as candidates for the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This work could be useful for the breeding of novel colorful ornamental cabbage cultivars.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Meng-Bo Tian ◽  
Lin Yuan ◽  
Ming-Yuan Zheng ◽  
Zhu-Mei Xi

Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zhiyao Ren ◽  
Fangning Qiu ◽  
Yinjie Wang ◽  
Wenxia Yu ◽  
Chenxing Liu ◽  
...  

Anthocyanins, a group of flavonoids, are widely present in plants and determine the colors of the peels of stems, fruits, and flowers. In this study, we used UHPLC-ESI-MS to identify anthocyanins in the herbal plant Dendrobium officinale, which has been used for centuries in China. The results indicated that the total anthocyanin content in samples from Guangxi was the highest. Seven anthocyanins were identified, and the fragmentation pathways were proposed from D. officinale. Most of the identified anthocyanins were composed of cyanidin and sinapoyl groups. We also carried out that the sinapoyl group had active sites on breast cancer receptors by using Schrödinger. The relative levels of the 7 anthocyanins in the samples from the three locations were determined. Transcriptomic analysis was used to analyze the sinapoyl anthocyanin synthesis-related genes in plants, such as genes encoding UGTs and serine carboxypeptidase. We speculated that sinapoyl anthocyanin biosynthesis was associated with the activities of certain enzymes, including chalcone flavonone isomerase-like, hydroxycinnamoyltransferase 1, UGT-83A1, UGT-88B1 isoform X1, serine carboxypeptidase-like 18 isoform X3, and serine carboxypeptidase-like 18.


Author(s):  
Pınar Ercan ◽  
Sedef Nehir El

Abstract. The goals of this study were to determine and evaluate the bioaccessibility of total anthocyanin and procyanidin in apple (Amasya, Malus communis), red grape (Papazkarası, Vitis vinifera) and cinnamon (Cassia, Cinnamomum) using an in vitro static digestion system based on human gastrointestinal physiologically relevant conditions. Also, in vitro inhibitory effects of these foods on lipid (lipase) and carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) were performed with before and after digested samples using acarbose and methylumbelliferyl oleate (4MUO) as the positive control. While the highest total anthocyanin content was found in red grape (164 ± 2.51 mg/100 g), the highest procyanidin content was found in cinnamon (6432 ± 177.31 mg/100 g) (p < 0.05). The anthocyanin bioaccessibilities were found as 10.2 ± 1%, 8.23 ± 0.64%, and 8.73 ± 0.70% in apple, red grape, and cinnamon, respectively. The procyanidin bioaccessibilities of apple, red grape, and cinnamon were found as 17.57 ± 0.71%, 14.08 ± 0.74% and 18.75 ± 1.49%, respectively. The analyzed apple, red grape and cinnamon showed the inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 544 ± 21.94, 445 ± 15.67, 1592 ± 17.58 μg/mL, respectively), α-amylase (IC50 38.4 ± 7.26, 56.1 ± 3.60, 3.54 ± 0.86 μg/mL, respectively), and lipase (IC50 52.7 ± 2.05, 581 ± 54.14, 49.6 ± 2.72 μg/mL), respectively. According to our results apple, red grape and cinnamon have potential to inhibit of lipase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase digestive enzymes.


BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Fu Gao ◽  
Dong-Hui Zhao ◽  
Jia-Qi Zhang ◽  
Jia-Shuo Chen ◽  
Jia-Lin Li ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Leaf color is an important ornamental trait of colored-leaf plants. The change of leaf color is closely related to the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves. Acer pseudosieboldianum is a colored-leaf tree native to Northeastern China, however, there was less knowledge in Acer about anthocyanins biosynthesis and many steps of the pathway remain unknown to date. Results Anthocyanins metabolite and transcript profiling were conducted using HPLC and ESI-MS/MS system and high-throughput RNA sequencing respectively. The results demonstrated that five anthocyanins were detected in this experiment. It is worth mentioning that Peonidin O-hexoside and Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside were abundant, especially Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside displayed significant differences in content change at two periods, meaning it may be play an important role for the final color. Transcriptome identification showed that a total of 67.47 Gb of clean data were obtained from our sequencing results. Functional annotation of unigenes, including comparison with COG and GO databases, yielded 35,316 unigene annotations. 16,521 differentially expressed genes were identified from a statistical analysis of differentially gene expression. The genes related to leaf color formation including PAL, ANS, DFR, F3H were selected. Also, we screened out the regulatory genes such as MYB, bHLH and WD40. Combined with the detection of metabolites, the gene pathways related to anthocyanin synthesis were analyzed. Conclusions Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside played an important role for the final color. The genes related to leaf color formation including PAL, ANS, DFR, F3H and regulatory genes such as MYB, bHLH and WD40 were selected. This study enriched the available transcriptome information for A. pseudosieboldianum and identified a series of differentially expressed genes related to leaf color, which provides valuable information for further study on the genetic mechanism of leaf color expression in A. pseudosieboldianum.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
María Guerra-Valle ◽  
Siegried Lillo-Perez ◽  
Guillermo Petzold ◽  
Patricio Orellana-Palma

This work studied the effects of centrifugal block freeze crystallization (CBFC) on physicochemical parameters, total phenolic compound content (TPCC), antioxidant activity (AA), and process parameters applied to fresh murta and arrayan juices. In the last cycle, for fresh murta and arrayan juices, the total soluble solids (TSS) showed values close to 48 and 54 Brix, and TPCC exhibited values of approximately 20 and 66 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 grams dry matter (d.m.) for total polyphenol content, 13 and 25 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 grams d.m. for total anthocyanin content, and 9 and 17 mg quercetin equivalents/100 grams d.m. for total flavonoid content, respectively. Moreover, the TPCC retention indicated values over 78% for murta juice, and 82% for arrayan juice. Similarly, the AA presented an increase over 2.1 times in relation to the correspondent initial AA value. Thus, the process parameters values were between 69% and 85% for efficiency, 70% and 88% for percentage of concentrate, and 0.72% and 0.88 (kg solutes/kg initial solutes) for solute yield. Therefore, this work provides insight about CBFC on valuable properties in fresh Patagonian berries juices, for future applications in health and industrial scale.


Author(s):  
JÚLIA RIBEIRO SARKIS ◽  
ISABEL CRISTINA TESSARO ◽  
LIGIA DAMASCENO FERREIRA MAECZAK

The objective of this study was to apply a HPLC methodology for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the six anthocyanidins present in fruits and to analyze the anthocyanin and anthocyanidin content of blueberries cultivated in Southern Brazil. The samples used belong to highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivars. Total anthocyanin content was determined by the pH differential method and an HPLC gradient elution system with C18 column and UV-Vis detection at 520 nm were used for separation and quantification of the anthocyanidins. Total anthocyanin content was of 128 ± 3 mg per 100 g of fresh pulp. Blueberry pulp presented 55 % of delphinidin, 8 % of cyanidin, 3 % of peonidin and 34 % of malvidin. Pelargonidin was not identified in the sample and petunidin was below the limits of quantification. The results were similar to those reported in studies using North American and European blueberries.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Ou Xiao ◽  
Wen qiu Lin ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
Xue Feng Feng ◽  
Hui Jin ◽  
...  

We obtained a white-peel eggplant (L6-5) by EMS mutation in our previous study, whose total anthocyanin content was significantly decreased as compared with that of wild-type (WT). To analyse the anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism in eggplants, we analysed the eggplant peel by RNA-seq in this study. The transcript results revealed upregulation of 465 genes and downregulation of 525 genes in L6-5 as compared with the WT eggplant. A total of 11 anthocyanin biosynthesis structure genes were significantly downregulated in L6-5 as compared with that in WT. Meanwhile, on the basis of the RT-PCR results of four natural eggplant cultivars, the expression pattern of 11 anthocyanin biosynthesis structure genes was consistent with the anthocyanin content. Thus, we speculated the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in eggplant peel. The transcript and RT-PCR results suggested positive regulation of MYB1, MYB108 and TTG8 and negative regulation of bHLH36 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study enhanced our cumulative knowledge about anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant peels.


Author(s):  
Pranabendu Mitra ◽  
Venkatesh Meda ◽  
Rick Green

The main objective of this research was to compare the retention of antioxidant activity and total anthocyanin content of Saskatoon berries dried by freeze drying, microwave-vacuum drying, thin layer hot air drying and vacuum drying. Antioxidant activity of berry samples was determined by DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging, and the pH differential method was used to determine total anthocyanin content of the berry samples. The results showed that the freeze dried Saskatoon berries exhibited the highest retention of anthocyanin and antioxidant activity among the dried samples, followed by microwave-vacuum dried berries, thin layer hot air dried berries and vacuum dried berries. There were significant differences between the berry samples at P<0.05.  DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging were correlated linearly with an R2 value of 0.99 at P<0.05 showing their effectiveness for the determination of the antioxidant activity of the Saskatoon berries. However, the DPPH radical scavenging assay was more effective than the ABTS radical scavenging assay. The results also showed that antioxidant activity of the berries was highly correlated with the total anthocyanin content of the fruit. The reduction of anthocyanin in dried berry samples was linearly correlated with the reduction of DPPH radical scavenging with an R2 value of 0.97 at P<0.05 and, also, linearly correlated with the reduction of ABTS radical scavenging with an R2 value of 0.88 at P<0.05.


Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa De Souza Oliveira ◽  
Giuliano Elias Pereira ◽  
Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima ◽  
Alessandra Monteiro Salviano ◽  
Russaika Lirio Nascimento ◽  
...  

INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION STRATEGIES ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ‘SYRAH’ WINE PRODUCED IN SÃO FRANCISCO VALLEY     VANESSA DE SOUZA OLIVEIRA1; GIULIANO ELIAS PEREIRA2; AUGUSTO MIGUEL NASCIMENTO LIMA1; ALESSANDRA MONTEIRO SALVIANO3; RUSSAIKA LÍRIO NASCIMENTO1 E LUÍS HENRIQUE BASSOI4   1Univasf, Colegiado de Engenharia e Ambienta, Avenida Antonio Carlos Magalhães, 510, 48902-300, Juazeiro - BA, Brasil. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Rua Livramento, 515, Caixa Postal 130, 95701-008, Bento Gonçalves - RS, Brasil. [email protected] 3Embrapa Semiárido, BR 428 km 152, Caixa Postal 23, 56302-970, Petrolina - PE, Brasil. [email protected] 4Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro, 1452, Caixa Postal 741, 13560-970, São Carlos - SP, Brasil. [email protected]     1 ABSTRACT   Deficit irrigation is used to control grapevine vegetative vigor and the grape composition can be influenced by soil water content. The minerals contained in the grapes are responsible for the physicochemical properties and stability of the wine. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of irrigation strategies on the properties of ‘Syrah’ wines produced in São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The irrigation treatments used were FI (full irrigation), RDI (regulated deficit irrigation), and DI (deficit irrigation). Winemaking was performed by traditional methods, followed by stabilization and bottling. Density, alcohol content, pH, total and volatile acidity, total and free sulfur dioxide, total polyphenols index, color intensity, and total anthocyanin content were determined, as well as the contents of Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb. The properties of wines were influenced by irrigation strategies, except for the content of total anthocyanin, Mg, P, Na, Cu, and Mn. The contents of Cd, Cr, Fe, and Zn were similar in the vines. The wines demonstrated varied properties with different typicalities. Irrigation strategies can be recommended for different products, FI for young and cheap, and DI and RDI for aged and more expensive wines.   Keywords: Vitis vinifera L., grape, water availability, tropical wine.     OLIVEIRA, V. DE S.; PEREIRA, G. E.; LIMA, A. M. N.; SALVIANO, A. M.; NASCIMENTO, R. L. E BASSOI, L. H. INFLUÊNCIA DE ESTRATÉGIAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO NAS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DO VINHO ‘SYRAH’ PRODUZIDO NO VALE DO SÃO FRANCISCO           2 RESUMO   A irrigação com déficit é utilizada para controlar o vigor vegetativo da videira, e a composição da uva pode ser influenciada pela umidade do solo. Os minerais presentes nas uvas são responsáveis pelas propriedades físico-químicas e pela estabilidade do vinho. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de estratégias de irrigação sobre as propriedades do vinho ‘Syrah’ produzido no Vale do São Francisco, Brasil. As estratégias de irrigação utilizadas foram IP (irrigação plena), IDC (irrigação com déficit controlado) e ID (irrigação com déficit). A elaboração de vinhos foi realizada por métodos tradicionais, seguido de estabilização e engarrafamento. A densidade, teor de álcool, pH, acidez total e volátil, dióxido de total e livre de enxofre, o índice total de polifenóis, a intensidade da cor, conteúdo total de antocianina e concentrações de Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu e Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb foram determinadas. As propriedades dos vinhos foram influenciadas pelas estratégias de irrigação, exceto os teores totais de antocianinas, e de Mg, P, Na, Cu e Mn. Os níveis de Cd, Cr, Fe e Zn foram semelhantes nos vinhos. Os vinhos demonstraram propriedades variadas com diferentes tipicidades. As estratégias de irrigação podem ser recomendadas para a obtenção de diferentes produtos, sendo a IP para vinhos jovens e baratos, e o ID e IDC para vinhos envelhecidos e mais caros.   Palavras chave: Vitis vinifera L., uva, disponibilidade de água, vinho tropical.


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