scholarly journals Monitoring Pollution of the Tigris River in Baghdad by Studying Physico-Chemical Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montazer K. Mensoor
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
Phosphate Nitrate ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract The current study aimed at exploring and identifying pollution indicators of the Tigris River in Baghdad through studying physical and chemical characteristics. Monthly water samples were collected from four locations along the Tigris River in Baghdad for 12 months period. The studied characteristics of the current study included surface water temperature, pH, turbidity, salinity, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phosphate, nitrate, and Sulphate. The results showed that the mean values of all the studied physical and chemical characteristics except pH, temperature, and phosphate were higher than the acceptable limits of the Iraqi river water guidelines and international standards. The current study concluded that the Tigris River water was heavily polluted from untreated sewage discharge and other industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. The study recommended immediate measures to be taken to end the nonstop inflow of sewage and wastes into the Tigris River water from the residential, commercial, and institutional activities in Baghdad.

scholarly journals Water quality indices based on bioassessment: The biotic indices

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasneem Abbasi ◽  
S. A. Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Biotic Indices ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Water Quality Indices ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Water quality indices (WQIs), which translate numerical values of several water quality characteristics of a sample into a single value, play a very important role in the monitoring, comparison and control of water quality. The WQIs of modern and post-modern times have been almost exclusively based on physical and chemical characteristics, and have seldom included ‘biological’ characteristics other than biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and faecal coliforms. During the last three decades of the 20th century, indices based on bioassessment have been increasingly used in some developed countries, besides South Africa and Serbia, to complement the conventional WQIs, but the rest of the world continues to base its WQIs predominantly on physical and chemical characteristics. The serious drawbacks of this approach have been elucidated in this paper and, against that background, the state-of-the-art of biotic indices has been summarized. The paper makes a strong case for greater reliance on bioassessment-based WQIs, especially by developing countries, to strengthen the diagnostic value of the conventional WQIs.

scholarly journals Physical and chemical characteristics of milk from goats supplemented with different levels of total digestible nutrients in the dry period

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Vinicius Costa Nascimento ◽  
Washington Luiz Gonçalves de Almeida Júnior ◽  
Edilson Soares Lopes Júnior ◽  
Daniel Ribeiro Menezes ◽  
Francesca Silva Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Brazilian Legislation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Different Levels

 We evaluated the physical and chemical characteristics of raw milk from goats supplemented with levels of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) in the dry period. Samples from 20 goats were divided into 4 groups, 3 groups received 400g concentrate per animal with different levels of TDN (65, 75 and 85%), and the control group (without concentrate). Four samples of milk were used for each animal, in four sampling periods, which were subjected to physical and chemical analysis. There was no significant difference between the treatments for the parameters of acidity and fat. The diet without concentrate presented higher value for the cryoscopic index. Mean values of the four treatments were within the range set by the Brazilian legislation for all parameters evaluated. The use of concentrate, containing 85% TDN in goat supplementation, was favored the physical and chemical characteristics of the milk during the dry period. 

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF STUBBS CREEK, IBENO, AKWA IBOM, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Henry Robert Anwan ◽  
Martins Agenuma Anetekhai ◽  
Gabriel Olarinde Mekuleyi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Spatial And Seasonal Variation ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

The present study examined some physico-chemical characteristics (temperature, pH, total hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solid(TDS), conductivity, transparency, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), acidity and alkalinity) and some heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni) concentration of Stubbs Creek, Ibeno, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria between August 2014 and July, 2015. Six sampling stations (Mkpanak, Okpot Ikot, Ebana Mbri, Esit Eket, Okpuk and Ikot Ebia Anam) in Stubbs Creek were selected. Water samples were analyzed using APHA-AWWA-WPCF methods while heavy metals in the water samples were digested and determined using UNICAM 939 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean values of water parameters of Stubbs Creek are: temperature (27.22 ± 0.230C); pH (6.83 ± 0.13), DO (3.86 ± 0.20 mg/L), BOD (2.84 ± 0.11 mg/L), conductivity (522.23 ±69.12 µScm-1), TDS (288.83 ± 39.50 mg/L), transparency (0.86 ± 0.05m), alkalinity (95.51± 6.44mg/L), acidity (97.03±7.45) and total hardness(12.11±1.55).Only TDS, conductivity, alkalinity and total hardness showed significant (p<0.05) spatial variation across the sampling stations. However, the values of temperature, TDS, conductivity, alkalinity and total hardness indicated significant seasonal variation. Similarly, there were no significant (p<0.05) spatial and seasonal variation in the values of heavy metals recorded across the sampling stations. All the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in this study are below the maximum permissible limit recommended by WHO. The result showed that Stubbs Creek is less polluted at present and safe for the biota. However, responsible use of the water bodies by all and sundry should be maintained in order to preclude problems common with effluents discharge.

Study of Structural, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Marshmallow Without Gelatin

Food Industry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia V. Nepovinnykh ◽  
Yuri A. Kodatsky ◽  
Oksana N. Klyukina ◽  
Nataliia M. Ptichkin ◽  
Samira Yeganehzad
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Effects of Chlormequat-Uniconazole 30% Micro-Emulsion on Stem Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1089
Author(s):  
Qian ZHANG ◽  
Ming-Cai ZHANG ◽  
Hai-Yan ZHANG ◽  
Wei-Ming TAN ◽  
Zhao-Hu LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Micro Emulsion ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Meats of the Indonesian Indigenous Crossbred Chickens Fed Fermented Mixture of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaf and Seed Meal

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The objective of this present study was to investigate the effect of feeding fermented mixture of papaya leaf and seed meal (FERM) on the physical and chemical characteristics of meats of the Indonesian indigenous crossbred chicken (IICC). The study was carried out with 300 day-old IICC. The chicks were randomly distributed to five treatment groups, i.e., CONT (control diet based on corn-soybean- diet), FERMA (diet containing 1% FERM), FERMB (2.5% FERM), FERMC (5% FERM) and FERMD (7.5% FERM). Each treatment group consisted of 6 replicates with 10 IICC in each. At week 8, one chick from each replicate was randomly taken and slaughtered. After being de-feathered and eviscerated, samples from breast and thigh meats were obtained. Results showed that the increased levels of FERM was followed by the increased (P<0.05) pH values, moisture and crude protein content of breast meats of the IICC. Dietary incorporation of FERM especially at the level of 2.5% increased (P<0.05) the content of fat in the breast meat of IICC, while further increased levels of FERM did not alter (P>0.05) the fat content of the IICC breast meat. Dietary treatment did not have any effect (P>0.05) on the lightness (L*) values of breast meat of the IICC. The redness (a*) values were higher (P<0.05) in FERMD breast meat than other. FERM diet resulted in lower (P<0.05) yellowness (b*) values in the IICC breast meat. The pH values and moisture content of thigh meat increased (P<0.05) with the increased level of FERM. The WHC decreased (P<0.05) with the elevated levels of FERM in the diets. There was an increase (P<0.05) in crude protein concentration in FERMA as compared to the other meats. Crude fat and ash concentrations in thigh meat were affected (P<0.05) by the treatments. Dietary treatments had no impact (P>0.05) on L* values of thigh meats. Feeding FERM at 7.5% from diets increased (P<0.05) and decreased (P<0.05) the redness and yellowness of meats. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of FERM especially at the level of 7.5% from diets improved the physical and chemical characteristics of the IICC meats.

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