scholarly journals Transmission of gut bacteria and viruses from mothers to infants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanzhima Garmaeva ◽  
Trishla Sinha ◽  
Anastasia Gulyaeva ◽  
Ranko Gacesa ◽  
Sergio Andreu-Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
P Value ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Faecal Samples

Abstract Seeding and development of the gut ecosystem are crucial for health, both in childhood and later in life. While the composition of infant gut bacterial communities has been described, the composition and origin of the infant gut virome remains under-studied. Here, we explore mother-to-infant transmission of bacteria and viruses in 30 mother–infant pairs in a longitudinal collection of faecal samples taken during pregnancy and the first 3 months after birth. We demonstrate that infant bacterial strains resemble maternal strains more than those of unrelated mothers. We quantify viromes using a complementary approach examining both total metagenomes and viral metagenomes. The virome composition is highly consistent between viral and total metagenomes. The infant gut viromes are dominated by active temperate bacteriophages, which are more abundant in infants than mothers (p-value=7.2e-06). We observe that the proportion of shared viruses between maternal and infant gut is only 11.3% when considering the active virome fraction alone, but increases to 37.6% when taking into account temperate phages in the form of prophages. These findings indicate that viruses are vertically transmitted from mothers to infants early in life and that pioneering phages can reach the infant gut via vertical transmission of their bacterial hosts.

scholarly journals Impact of Nosema Disease and American Foulbrood on Gut Bacterial Communities of Honeybees Apis mellifera

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Poonnawat Panjad ◽  
Rujipas Yongsawas ◽  
Chainarong Sinpoo ◽  
Chonthicha Pakwan ◽  
Phakamas Subta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
454 Pyrosequencing ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Nosema Ceranae ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Nosema Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pathogenic Infection

Honeybees, Apis mellifera, are important pollinators of many economically important crops. However, one of the reasons for their decline is pathogenic infection. Nosema disease and American foulbrood (AFB) disease are the most common bee pathogens that propagate in the gut of honeybees. This study investigated the impact of gut-propagating pathogens, including Nosema ceranae and Paenibacillus larvae, on bacterial communities in the gut of A. mellifera using 454-pyrosequencing. Pyrosequencing results showed that N. ceranae was implicated in the elimination of Serratia and the dramatic increase in Snodgrassella and Bartonella in adult bees’ guts, while bacterial communities of P. larvae-infected larvae were not affected by the infection. The results indicated that only N. ceranae had an impact on some core bacteria in the gut of A. mellifera through increasing core gut bacteria, therefore leading to the induction of dysbiosis in the bees’ gut.

scholarly journals Comparison of PCR versus PCR-Free DNA Library Preparation for Characterising the Human Faecal Virome

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2093
Author(s):  
Shen-Yuan Hsieh ◽  
Mohammad A. Tariq ◽  
Andrea Telatin ◽  
Rebecca Ansorge ◽  
Evelien M. Adriaenssens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
P Value ◽  
Library Preparation ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sequencing Platform ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Sequencing Platforms

The human intestinal microbiota is abundant in viruses, comprising mainly bacteriophages, occasionally outnumbering bacteria 10:1 and is termed the virome. Due to their high genetic diversity and the lack of suitable tools and reference databases, the virome remains poorly characterised and is often referred to as “viral dark matter”. However, the choice of sequencing platforms, read lengths and library preparation make study design challenging with respect to the virome. Here we have compared the use of PCR and PCR-free methods for sequence-library construction on the Illumina sequencing platform for characterising the human faecal virome. Viral DNA was extracted from faecal samples of three healthy donors and sequenced. Our analysis shows that most variation was reflecting the individually specific faecal virome. However, we observed differences between PCR and PCR-free library preparation that affected the recovery of low-abundance viral genomes. Using three faecal samples in this study, the PCR library preparation samples led to a loss of lower-abundance vOTUs evident in their PCR-free pairs (vOTUs 128, 6202 and 8364) and decreased the alpha-diversity indices (Chao1 p-value = 0.045 and Simpson p-value = 0.044). Thus, differences between PCR and PCR-free methods are important to consider when investigating “rare” members of the gut virome, with these biases likely negligible when investigating moderately and highly abundant viruses.

scholarly journals Drug resistant gut bacteria mimic a host mechanism for anticancer drug clearance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Spanogiannopoulos ◽  
Patrick H. Bradley ◽  
Jonathan Melamed ◽  
Ysabella Noelle Amora Malig ◽  
Kathy N. Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Drug Disposition ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Drug Clearance ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Strains

Microbiome surveys indicate that pharmaceuticals are the top predictor of inter-individual variations in gut microbial community structure1, consistent with in vitro evidence that non-antibiotic (i.e. host-targeted) drugs inhibit gut bacterial growth2and are subject to extensive metabolism by the gut microbiome3,4. In oncology, bacterial metabolism has been implicated in both drug efficacy5,6and toxicity7,8; however, the degree to which bacterial sensitivity and metabolism can be driven by conserved pathways also found in mammalian cells remains poorly understood. Here, we show that anticancer fluoropyrimidine drugs broadly inhibit the growth of diverse gut bacterial strains. Media supplementation, transcriptional profiling (RNA-seq), and bacterial genetics implicated pyrimidine metabolism as a key target in bacteria, as in mammalian cells. Drug resistant bacteria metabolized 5FU to its inactive metabolite dihydrofluorouracil (DHFU) mimicking the major host pathway for drug clearance. Functional orthologs of the bacterial operon responsible (preTA) are widespread across human gut bacteria from the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla. The observed conservation of both the targets and pathways for metabolism of therapeutics across domains highlights the need to distinguish the relative contributions of human and microbial cells to drug disposition9, efficacy, and side effect profiles.

scholarly journals ACTIVIDAD ANTAGÓNICA ENTRE BACTERIAS EPIBIÓTICAS AISLADAS DE ESPONJAS MARINAS DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA MACROEPIBIOSIS

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennyfer Mora Cristancho ◽  
Sven Zea ◽  
Diego L. Gil Agudelo
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Surfaces submerged in the sea are densely colonized by bacteria, and inter-specic interactions such as growth inhibition are important determinants of the development of bacterial communities, as well as of later phases of macrofouling. To determine the potential interactions among biolm bacteria from sponges we carried out in vitro growth inhibition tests between bacterial strains isolated from surfaces with various degrees of macrofouling, from the sponges Aplysina insularis (clean), Aplysina lacunosa (fouled), and from the calcareous surface of the bivalve mollusk Donax sp. The total percentage of antagonistic interactions among these strains was 64 %; strains isolated from clean surfaces inhibited the growth of strains from well-colonized surfaces in a 1:1 ratio. Strains from clean surfaces had a higher frequency of antagonistic interactions. We propose bacterial antagonistic interaction as a possible mechanism of population growth regulation and, consequently, of the development of subsequent phases of macrofouling.

scholarly journals Tagging Frogs with Passive Integrated Transponders Causes Disruption of the Cutaneous Bacterial Community and Proliferation of Opportunistic Fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (15) ◽  
pp. 4779-4784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael E. Antwis ◽  
Gerardo Garcia ◽  
Andrea L. Fidgett ◽  
Richard F. Preziosi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Opportunistic Fungi ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pit Tagging

ABSTRACTSymbiotic bacterial communities play a key role in protecting amphibians from infectious diseases including chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogenic fungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Events that lead to the disruption of the bacterial community may have implications for the susceptibility of amphibians to such diseases. Amphibians are often marked both in the wild and in captivity for a variety of reasons, and although existing literature indicates that marking techniques have few negative effects, the response of cutaneous microbial communities has not yet been investigated. Here we determine the effects of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagging on culturable cutaneous microbial communities of captive Morelet's tree frogs (Agalychnis moreletii) and assess the isolated bacterial strains for anti-B. dendrobatidisactivityin vitro. We find that PIT tagging causes a major disruption to the bacterial community associated with the skin of frogs (∼12-fold increase in abundance), as well as a concurrent proliferation in resident fungi (up to ∼200-fold increase). Handling also caused a disruption the bacterial community, although to a lesser extent than PIT tagging. However, the effects of both tagging and handling were temporary, and after 2 weeks, the bacterial communities were similar to their original compositions. We also identify two bacterial strains that inhibitB. dendrobatidis, one of which increased in abundance on PIT-tagged frogs at 1 day postmarking, while the other was unaffected. These results show that PIT tagging has previously unobserved consequences for cutaneous microbial communities of frogs and may be particularly relevant for studies that intend to use PIT tagging to identify individuals involved in trials to develop probiotic treatments.

scholarly journals Population-based survey of HIV sero-status and vertical transmission among naive pregnant women in Sokoto, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiekumo Igbida Buseri ◽  
Charity Ngozi Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: This study aims at investigating the seroprevalence of HIV infection among status naive pregnant women and probable vertical transmission in Sokoto, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 13,026 apparently healthy pregnant women aged between 14 and 45 years and 312 mother-baby pairs in 4 different hospital settings in Sokoto State, North West, Nigeria between March, 2011 and February, 2013. The babies were aged between 8 and 16 months. HIV screening was performed using qualitative rapid tests and ELISA and HIV-DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Measurement of CD4+ T-lymphocytes was carried out by the BD FACScount System. All seropositive pregnant women were immediately placed on triple antiretroviral therapy (ART) throughout the duration of the pregnancy and beyond.Results: An overall 2.4% prevalence of HIV-1 infection among the pregnant women and 20.5% incident of mother-to-child transmission were found. Of the seropositive pregnant women, 75.0% were full-time house wives, 13.8% and 11.2% were traders and civil servants respectively; of which, 70.2% were within the ages of 14 and 27 years (youthful predominance). Pearson’s χ2analysis did not show any statistically significant difference in the Mean values in the 4 health facilities (χ2 =2.084, df=3, P-value=0.555). Similarly, no significant difference in HIV seropositivity in the demographic data of the pregnant women were observed (P>0.05). Infection was recorded in all age groups but there was no statistical significance between age groups and infection (P = 0.833). Of the 64 seropositive babies, 62 (92.5%) contracted HIV from antiretroviral therapy non-adherence mothers (χ2 =271.457, df=1, P<0.01), OR=1506.6 (95%CI=285.5-7950.4). Conclusion: This study found high prevalence of vertical transmission due to ART non-adherence. Intervention initiatives should, therefore, focus seriously on ART non-adherence. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.11530Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 49-57  

Extracellular phospholipids of isolated bacterial communities

Biofilms ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Tetz ◽  
V. P. Korobov ◽  
N. K. Artemenko ◽  
L. M. Lemkina ◽  
N. V. Panjkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Phospholipid Composition ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Lawn

We have made a comparative analysis of the extracellular phospholipid composition of biofilms of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The surface film of a growing bacterial community contains small membrane vesicles and a bilipid layer covering the entire surface of that community. These supracommunity films containing the bilipid layer can cover the entire surface of a Petri dish and form a boundary between bacterial communities and the environment. A mixed bacterial lawn, formed by unrelated bacteria, also becomes covered with a single film containing a lipid bilayer. The phospholipid compositions of the bacterial cell and surface film bilipid layer reflect the nature of the bacterial strains forming the community, but have some specific differences.

scholarly journals Metagenome-Wide Association of Microbial Determinants of Host Phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Chaston ◽  
Peter D. Newell ◽  
Angela E. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Oxidation Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Genes

ABSTRACT Animal-associated bacteria (microbiota) affect host behaviors and physiological traits. To identify bacterial genetic determinants of microbiota-responsive host traits, we employed a metagenome-wide association (MGWA) approach in two steps. First, we measured two microbiota-responsive host traits, development time and triglyceride (TAG) content, in Drosophila melanogaster flies monoassociated with each of 41 bacterial strains. The effects of monoassociation on host traits were not confined to particular taxonomic groups. Second, we clustered protein-coding sequences of the bacteria by sequence similarity de novo and statistically associated the magnitude of the host trait with the bacterial gene contents. The animals had been monoassociated with genome-sequenced bacteria, so the metagenome content was unambiguous. This analysis showed significant effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis genes on development time, confirming the results of a published transposon mutagenesis screen, thereby validating the MGWA; it also identified multiple genes predicted to affect host TAG content, including extracellular glucose oxidation pathway components. To test the validity of the statistical associations, we expressed candidate genes in a strain that lacks them. Monoassociation with bacteria that ectopically expressed a predicted oxidoreductase or gluconate dehydrogenase conferred reduced Drosophila TAG contents relative to the TAG contents in empty vector controls. Consistent with the prediction that glucose oxidation pathway gene expression increased bacterial glucose utilization, the glucose content of the host diet was reduced when flies were exposed to these strains. Our findings indicate that microbiota affect host nutritional status through modulation of nutrient acquisition. Together, these findings demonstrate the utility of MGWA for identifying bacterial determinants of host traits and provide mechanistic insight into how gut microbiota modulate the nutritional status of a model host. IMPORTANCE To understand how certain gut bacteria promote the health of their animal hosts, we need to identify the bacterial genes that drive these beneficial relationships. This task is challenging because the bacterial communities can vary widely among different host individuals. To overcome this difficulty, we quantified how well each of 41 bacterial species protected Drosophila fruit flies from high fat content. The genomes of the chosen bacterial strains were previously sequenced, so we could statistically associate specific bacterial genes with bacterially mediated reduction in host fat content. Bacterial genes that promote glucose utilization were strongly represented in the association, and introducing these genes into the gut bacteria was sufficient to lower the animal’s fat content. Our method is applicable to the study of many other host-microbe interactions as a way to uncover microbial genes important for host health.

scholarly journals Within-Host Diversity and Vertical Transmission of Group B Streptococcus Among Mother-infant Dyads in The Gambia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko ◽  
Madikay Senghore ◽  
Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams ◽  
Nabil-Fareed Alikhan ◽  
Anuradha Ravi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
P Value ◽  
Host Diversity ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Control

AbstractIntroductionUnderstanding mother-to-infant transmission of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is vital to the prevention and control of GBS disease. We investigated the transmission and phylogenetic relationships of mothers colonised by GBS and their infants in a peri-urban setting in The Gambia.MethodsWe collected nasopharyngeal swabs from 35 mother-infant dyads at weekly intervals from birth until six weeks post-partum. GBS was isolated by conventional microbiology techniques. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on GBS isolates from one mother-infant dyad (dyad 17).ResultsWe recovered 85 GBS isolates from the 245 nasopharyngeal swabs. GBS was isolated from 16.33% and 18.37% of sampled mothers and infants, respectively. In 87% of cultured swabs, the culture status of an infant agreed with that of the mother (Kappa p-value <0.001). In dyad 17, phylogenetic analysis revealed within-host strain diversity in the mother and clone to her infant.ConclusionGBS colonisation in mothers presents a significant risk of colonisation in their infants. We confirm vertical transmission from mother to child in dyad 17, accompanied by within-host diversity.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Microplastics by Baceterial Communities From Activated Sludge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Torena
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Clear Zone ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Poly Ethylene

The emerging accumulation of microplastics (MPs) within global waters and the risks they pose to both humans and aquatic species are of increasing concern, yet suitable technologies to remove MPs are lacking. In this study, bacteria with potential to degrade MPs were isolated from activated sludge as promising biocatalysts for the removal of MPs in water. The bacterial communities in activated sludge were first screened for their potential to degrade thermallytreated MPs from PET. The consortium exhibited growth on a mineral medium with PET MPs as the sole carbon and energy source, indicating the presence of degrading bacteria. To further assess its biodegradability potential, the consortium was put through a CO2 evolution test where the degradation of MPs was monitored through measuring the CO2 evolved. The test was carried out in an experimental device that was engineered and constructed according to ISO 14852. The biodegradation extent was further validated through assessment of morphological and structural changes on the MPs by means of scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. Upon incubation, the consortium degraded 17 % of PET MPs. Three bacterial strains within the consortium were isolated and identified as Lysinibacillus macroides RW13-2, Bacillus cereus SEHD031MH and Agromyces mediolanus PNP3. The latter two thrived individually with PET while only B. cereus showed enzymatic activity during a clear-zone test. The examined bacterial strains possess a promising PETdegrading activity that can be further investigated and applied to the elimination of MPs in water/wastewater through innovative and effective technologies

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