Validation of a Human Pose Tracking Algorithm for Measuring Upper Limb Joints: Comparison With Photography-based Goniometry

Abstract Background: Range of motion (ROM) measurements are essential for diagnosing and evaluating upper extremity conditions. Clinical goniometry is the most commonly used methods but it is time-consuming and skill-demanding. Recent advances in human tracking algorithm suggest potential for automatic angle measuring from RGB images. It provides an attractive alternative for at-distance measuring. However, the reliability of this method has not been fully established. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if the results of algorithm are as reliable as human raters in upper limb movements.Methods: Thirty healthy young adults (20 males, 10 females) participated in this study. Participants were asked to performed a 6-motion task including movement of shoulder, elbow and wrist. Images of movements were capture by commercial digital camera. Each movement was measured by a pose tracking algorithm and compared with the surgeon-measurement results. The mean differences between the two measurements were compared. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship. Reliability was investigated by the intra-class correlation coefficients.Results: Comparing this algorithm-based method with manual measurement, the mean differences were less than 3 degrees in 5 motions (shoulder abduction: 0.51; shoulder elevation: 2.87; elbow flexion:0.38; elbow extension:0.65; wrist extension: 0.78) except wrist flexion. All the intra-class correlation coefficients were larger than 0.60. The Pearson coefficients also showed high correlations between the two measurements (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicated that pose estimation is a reliable method to measure the shoulder and elbow angles, supporting RGB images for measuring joint ROM. Our results proved the possibility that patients can assess their ROM by photos taken by a digital camera.Trial registration: This study was registered in the Clinical Trials Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (2021-387).

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Interpolated Activity in Short-Term Motor Memory

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1970.30.1.231 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 231-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

George E. Stelmach ◽

Julie L. Barber

Keyword(s):

Memory Trace ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Motor Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Hands On ◽

The Mean ◽

Retention Intervals ◽

Mean Differences ◽

Kinesthetic Information ◽

With Memory

Retention of kinesthetic information from blind positioning responses was examined for 56 Ss. During a 30-sec. retention interval, half of the Ss sat quietly with their hands on the lever; the other half learned an interpolated target which required an antagonistic response. Both conditions showed significant amounts of forgetting. The mean differences between conditions as well as the differences between correlation coefficients across retention intervals were not significant. The results were consistent with memory-trace decay predictions.

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Reliability of the ForceFrame With and Without a Fixed Upper-Limb Mold in Shoulder Rotation Strength Assessments Compared With Traditional Hand-Held Dynamometry

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2020-0434 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Jamon Couch ◽

Marc Sayers ◽

Tania Pizzari

Keyword(s):

Upper Limb ◽

External Rotation ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Shoulder Abduction ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽

Shoulder Strength ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Context: An imbalance between shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) strength in athletes is proposed to increase the risk of sustaining a shoulder injury. Hand-held (HHD) and externally fixed dynamometry are reliable forms of assessing shoulder IR and ER strength. A new externally fixed device with an attachable fixed upper-limb mold (The ForceFrame) exists; however, its reliability in measuring shoulder strength is yet to be investigated. Objective: To determine the test–retest reliability of the ForceFrame, with and without the fixed upper-limb mold, in the assessment of shoulder IR and ER strength, as compared with HHD. Design: Test–retest reliability study. Setting: Laboratory, clinical. Participants: Twenty-two healthy and active individuals were recruited from the university community and a private physiotherapy practice. Main Outcome Measures: Maximal isometric shoulder IR and ER strength was measured using the ForceFrame and traditional HHD in neutral and at 90° shoulder abduction. Mean (SD) strength measures were calculated. Test–retest reliability was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (3, 1). The SEM and minimal detectable change were calculated. Results: Good to excellent test–retest reliability was found for all shoulder strength tests across Hand-held dynamometry (HHD) and externally fixed dynamometry (EFD) are reliable forms (intraclass correlation coefficients [3, 1] = .854–.916). The minimal detectable changes ranged between 25.61 and 41.84 N across tests. Test–retest reliability was not affected by the dynamometer or testing position. Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that both the ForceFrame and HHD are suitable for measuring shoulder strength in clinical practice. The use of the fixed upper-limb mold with the ForceFrame does not improve reliability.

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Methodological Criteria for Scoring Clustering and Switching in Verbal Fluency Tasks

Psico-USF ◽

10.1590/1413-82712016210301 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 445-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Natália Becker ◽

Jerusa Fumagalli de Salles

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processes ◽

Verbal Fluency ◽

Cluster Size ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Brazilian Portuguese ◽

Adaptation Process ◽

Neuropsychological Function ◽

Intra Class Correlation ◽

The Mean ◽

Selection Of

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe an adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the methodological criteria for analysis of clustering and switching in semantic verbal fluency (SVF) and phonemic verbal fluency (PVF) tasks. The adaptation process consisted of six steps, including the selection of the clustering and switching variables based on data from a sample of 419 children and the analysis of inter-rater reliability (six raters). The following variables were scored: the total number of words generated the raw number of clusters, the mean cluster size, and the raw number of switches. There was a significant association between raters (intra-class correlation coefficients between 0.95 and 0.99), showing that the analytical method was reliable. Our study provides an evaluation of SVF and PVF tasks that goes beyond the overall score, making it possible to investigate the cognitive processes underlying this neuropsychological function.

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The Theoretical Relationship between Item Difficulty and The “In Doubt” Response in Music Tests

Journal of Research in Music Education ◽

10.2307/3344967 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 163-172

Author(s):

Neil A. Levendusky

Keyword(s):

Item Difficulty ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Fourth Grade ◽

Music Literacy ◽

Theoretical Relationship ◽

Musical Aptitude ◽

Fourth Grade Students ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Differences ◽

The Relationship

The Musical Aptitude Profile (MAP) and the Iowa Tests of Music Literacy (ITML) were administered to 90 fourth-grade students to investigate the theoretical validity of the relationship between use of the “in doubt” response and item difficulty. The purpose of the study was to question Gordon's (the author of the test battery) theory that the use of the “in doubt” response increases as item difficulty increases. Statistically significant correlations between use of the “in doubt” response and item difficulty were found for all total tests of both batteries, the ITML Tonal subtest, Reading Recognition, and the MAP Tonal subtest, Harmony. No significant correlation coefficients were found for any of the Rhythm subtests. When the mean use of the “in doubt” response for items of extreme difficulty-very easy and very difficult—were compared, all mean differences were statistically significant except for the MAP Rhythm subtest, Meter, and the ITML Tonal subtest, Aural Perception.

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Validity and Reproducibility of the Peer Assessment Rating Index Scored on Digital Models Using a Software Compared with Traditional Manual Scoring

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10081646 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1646

Author(s):

Arwa Gera ◽

Shadi Gera ◽

Michel Dalstra ◽

Paolo M. Cattaneo ◽

Marie A. Cornelis

Keyword(s):

Peer Assessment ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Minimum Standard ◽

Digital Models ◽

Intra Class Correlation ◽

Par Index ◽

Peer Assessment Rating Index ◽

The Mean ◽

Digital Caliper ◽

Peer Assessment Rating

The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of digital scoring of the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and its components using a software, compared with conventional manual scoring on printed model equivalents. The PAR index was scored on 15 cases at pre- and post-treatment stages by two operators using two methods: first, digitally, on direct digital models using Ortho Analyzer software; and second, manually, on printed model equivalents using a digital caliper. All measurements were repeated at a one-week interval. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare PAR scores and its components between both methods and raters. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to compute intra- and inter-rater reproducibility. The error of the method was calculated. The agreement between both methods was analyzed using Bland-Altman plots. There were no significant differences in the mean PAR scores between both methods and both raters. ICC for intra- and inter-rater reproducibility was excellent (≥0.95). All error-of-the-method values were smaller than the associated minimum standard deviation. Bland-Altman plots confirmed the validity of the measurements. PAR scoring on digital models showed excellent validity and reproducibility compared with manual scoring on printed model equivalents by means of a digital caliper.

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Comparison of the Diet Photograph Record to Weighed Dietary Record and 24 h Dietary Recall for Estimating Energy and Nutrient Intakes Among Chinese Preschoolers

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.755683 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Yujie Xu ◽

Ruonan Duan ◽

Ping Feng ◽

Wanke Gao ◽

Dong Xing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Southwest China ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

Relative Validity ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Dietary Record ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Differences

This study aimed to assess the relative validity of the diet photograph record (DP) for measuring the energy and nutrient intakes against the weighed dietary record (WD) and the 24 h dietary recall (HR) in the Chinese preschoolers. In this study, 40 preschool children aged 4–6 years and their parents were recruited from a kindergarten in southwest China. Dietary intake of the preschoolers on a same day, as estimated by the DP and the HR were compared with the WD. These three methods were administered by the three group of investigators independently. The mean differences, correlation coefficients, cross-classifications, and weighted κ, as well as the Bland–Altman plots were performed to assess the differences and agreements among the estimates from the DP, the HR, and the WD. For the DP and the HR, the estimates of energy and nutrient intakes were moderate to high correlated with the WD, with the higher coefficients ranging from 0.73 to 0.94 for the DP. Both the methods tended to underestimate the dietary intake, but the differences from the known weights using the DP were significantly smaller than those using the HR. The weighed κ values ranking the preschoolers ranged from 0.48 to 0.80 for the DP and ranged from 0.28 to 0.64 for the HR. Furthermore, the Bland–Altman plots indicated a better agreement between the DP and the WD for estimating energy and nutrient intakes. This DP is a valid tool for measuring energy and nutrient intakes among the preschoolers.

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Reliability of ultrasound elastography for the quantification of transversus abdominis elasticity

Acta Radiologica Open ◽

10.1177/2058460115603420 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (9) ◽

pp. 205846011560342 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kuniaki Hirayama ◽

Ryota Akagi ◽

Hideyuki Takahashi

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Ultrasound Elastography ◽

Transversus Abdominis ◽

Spinal Stability ◽

Intra Class Correlation ◽

Mean Values ◽

Healthy Men ◽

The Mean ◽

Internal Oblique

Background The transversus abdominis (TrA), which is considered to be involved in controlling spinal stability, is covered by two muscles (i.e. the external and internal oblique muscles) as well as subcutaneous fat. Therefore, there were doubts about whether it was possible to perform highly reliable measurements of muscle elasticity. Purpose To investigate the reliability of ultrasound elastography for the quantification of elasticity of the TrA. Material and Methods A skilled and an unskilled operator of ultrasound elastography measured TrA elasticity in 10 healthy men (age, 24 ± 4 years; height, 172.0 ± 5.2 cm; weight, 72.3 ± 12.0 kg) in the supine position. The tests were repeated six times; of the six measured values, a group of four measurements showing the lowest coefficient of variation (CV) was adopted and the mean values were used for further analysis. This procedure was repeated twice on each participant on two different days. Results The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) between days for skilled and unskilled operators were 0.86 ( P < 0.00) and 0.59 ( P = 0.02), respectively, and the CVs were 8.7% and 13.8%, respectively. The ICCs between operators and CVs were in the range of 0.56–0.57 ( P = 0.02–0.03) and 13.5–15.5%, respectively. No systematic error was found for any comparison. Conclusion The reliabilities of the skilled and unskilled operators were high and moderate, respectively.

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Can peripheral venous blood gases replace arterial blood gases in emergency department patients?

CJEM ◽

10.1017/s1481803500006011 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 4 (01) ◽

pp. 7-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Louise C.F. Rang ◽

Heather E. Murray ◽

George A. Wells ◽

Cameron K. MacGougan

Keyword(s):

Venous Blood ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Emergency Physicians ◽

Peripheral Venous Blood ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Differences ◽

Venous Blood Gas

ABSTRACTObjective:To determine if peripheral venous blood gas values for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and the resultant calculated bicarbonate (HCO3) predict arterial values accurately enough to replace them in a clinical setting.Methods:This prospective observational study was performed in a university tertiary care emergency department from June to December 1998. Patients requiring arterial blood gas analysis were enrolled and underwent simultaneous venous blood gas sampling. The following data were prospectively recorded: age, sex, presenting complaint, vital signs, oxygen saturation, sample times, number of attempts and indication for testing. Correlation coefficients and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for pH,PCO2and HCO3. A survey of 45 academic emergency physicians was performed to determine the minimal clinically important difference for each variable.Results:The 218 subjects ranged in age from 15 to 90 (mean 60.4) years. The 2 blood samples were drawn within 10 minutes of each other for 205 (96%) of the 214 patients for whom data on timing were available. Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficients between arterial and venous values were as follows: pH, 0.913;PCO2, 0.921; and HCO3, 0.953. The mean differences (and 95% CIs) between arterial and venous samples were as follows: pH, 0.036 (0.030–0.042);PCO2, 6.0 (5.0–7.0) mm Hg; and HCO3, 1.5 (1.3–1.7) mEq/L. The mean differences (± 2 standard deviations) were greater than the minimum clinically important differences identified in the survey.Conclusions:Arterial and venous blood gas samples were strongly correlated, and there were only small differences between them. A survey of emergency physicians suggested that the differences are too large to allow for interchangeability of results; however, venous values may be valid if used in conjunction with a correction factor or for trending purposes.

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Preliminary Examination of the Ability of a New Wearable Device to Capture Functional Hand Activity After Stroke

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.119.026921 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (12) ◽

pp. 3643-3646 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lisa A. Simpson ◽

Amanda Mow ◽

Carlo Menon ◽

Janice J. Eng

Keyword(s):

Upper Limb ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Wearable Device ◽

Reach To Grasp ◽

Scaling Properties ◽

Preliminary Examination ◽

Consistent Manner ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Differences ◽

The Impact

Background and Purpose— A reliable measure of movement repetitions is required to assist in determining the optimal dose for maximizing upper limb recovery after stroke. This study investigated the ability of a new wearable device to capture reach-to-grasp repetitions in individuals with stroke. Methods— Eight individuals with stroke wore an instrumented wrist bracelet while completing 12 upper limb activities. Participants completed 5 and 10 repetitions of each activity on 2 separate sessions (time 1 and time 2) and completed clinical assessments (Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Assessment and Action Research Arm Test). Mean reach-to-grasp counts (ie, hand counts) were compared across activities. Scaling properties were assessed by the ratio of 10 repetitions to 5 repetitions for the activities (ie, expected value of 2). Bland-Altman diagrams were used to examine agreement between time 1 and time 2 counts. Results— The wrist bracelet averaged 0 to 0.6 hand counts per repetition for the arm-only and hand-only activities and averaged 1 to 2 counts per repetition of the reach-to-grasp activities. The mean ratio of 10 repetition to 5 repetition counts was ≈2 for all of the reach-to-grasp activities. Mean differences from time 1 to time 2 were <0.3 counts/repetition for all activities except one. Conclusions— These preliminary results provide evidence that the wrist bracelet is able to capture hand counts over a variety of tasks in a consistent manner. This wrist bracelet could be further developed as a tool to record dose of upper limb practice for research or clinical practice, as well as providing motivation and accountability to patients participating in treatments requiring upper limb movement repetitions. Currently, there are limitations in interpreting the impact of impairment and common compensatory movements on hand counts, and it would be valuable for future studies to explore these effects.

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Comparison of central corneal thickness measurements with three different optical devices

Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/2515841421995633 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 251584142199563

Author(s):

Mehmet Barış Üçer ◽

Erdinç Bozkurt

Keyword(s):

Central Corneal Thickness ◽

Corneal Thickness ◽

Anterior Segment ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Limits Of Agreement ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Differences ◽

High Level ◽

Thickness Measurements

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the agreement of central corneal thickness (CCT) values obtained with three different devices working according to optical principle in healthy eyes. Methods: 60 eyes of 60 individuals (30 men and 30 women) were enrolled in this study. CCT measurements performed with Scheimpflug–Placido topographer (Sirius), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (RTVue) with an anterior segment module, and optical biometer (AL-Scan) were compared. Bland–Altman analysis was used to demonstrate agreement between methods. Results: The mean age was 30.07 ± 7.313 years (range, 18–47 years). The mean CCT values obtained by RTVue, Sirius, and AL-Scan were 518.25 ± 36.38 µm, 526.08 ± 36.33 µm, and 513.50 ± 39.09 µm, respectively. The mean differences in CCT were 7.83 ± 14.15 µm between Sirius and RTVue, 12.58 ± 11.87 µm between Sirius and AL-Scan, and 4.75 ± 4.50 µm between RTVue and AL-Scan. The mean CCT was statistically different among the three groups ( p < 0.05). All three modalities of CCT measurements correlated closely with each other, with Pearson’s correlation coefficients ranging from 0.924 to 0.961. The 95% limits of agreement were −19.90 to 35.56 µm between Sirius and RTVue, −10.69 to 35.85 µm between Sirius and AL-Scan, and −4.07 to 13.58 µm between RTVue and AL-Scan. Conclusion: Different results could be obtained through different noncontact devices in CCT measurements. Although the measurement values obtained by these devices show a high level of correlation, it would be a more correct approach to not use them directly interchangeably in clinical practice. Evaluation and follow-up of CCT should be performed using the same device.

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