scholarly journals Rapid isolation and resolution immune evasion and viral fitness across contemporary SARS-CoV-2 variants

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupriya Aggarwal ◽  
Alberto Stella ◽  
Anouschka Akerman ◽  
Gregory Walker ◽  
Vanessa Milogiannakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Viral Fitness ◽  
Neutralising Antibodies ◽  
Viral Isolation ◽  
Rapid Isolation ◽  
The World ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Rapid Emergence ◽  
Roll Out

Abstract From late 2020 the world observed the rapid emergence of many distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants. At the same time, pandemic responses coalesced into significant global vaccine roll-out that have now significantly lowered Covid-19 hospital and mortality rates in the developed world. Over this period, we developed a rapid platform (R-20) for viral isolation and characterisation using primary remnant diagnostic swabs. This combined with quarantine testing and genomics surveillance, enabled the rapid isolation and characterisation of all major SARS-CoV-2 variants (all variants of concern and 6 variants of interest) globally with a 4-month period. This platform facilitated viral variant isolation and enabled rapid resolution of variant phenotype by allowing determining end point viral titers from primary nasopharyngeal swabs and through ranking of evasion of neutralising antibodies. In late 2021, when the Delta variant was dominating, Omicron rapidly emerged. Using this platform, we isolated and tested the first cases of this variant within Australia. In this setting we observed Omicron to diverge from other variants at two levels: Firstly, it ranks at the mots evasive to neutralisation antibodies compared to all VOCs and major VUIs. Secondly, it no longer engages TMPRSS2 during the late stages of fusion.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: reduction of potent humoral responses and resistance to clinical immunotherapeutics relative to viral variants of concern

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupriya Aggarwal ◽  
Alberto Ospina Stella ◽  
Gregory Walker ◽  
Anoushka Akerman ◽  
Vanessa Milogiannakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Human Igg ◽  
The World ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rapid Emergence

From late 2020 the world observed the rapid emergence of many distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants. At the same time, pandemic responses resulted in significant global vaccine rollouts that have now significantly lowered Covid-19 hospitalisation and mortality rates in the developed world. Unfortunately, in late 2021, the variant Omicron (B.1.1.529) emerged and it eclipsed the other variants of concern (VOC) in its number of Spike polymorphisms, and its ability to compete with and displacement of the dominant VOC Delta. Herein we accessed the impact of Omicron to humoral neutralisation in vaccinated, convalescent cohorts, in concentrated human IgG from thousands of plasma donors and also alongside many clinically used monoclonal antibodies. Overall, we observed a 17 to 22 fold drop in neutralisation titres across all donors that reached a titre to Omicron. Concentrated pooled human IgG from convalescent and vaccinated donors had greater breadth but was still reduced by 16-fold. In all therapeutic antibodies tested, significant neutralization was only observed for Sotrovimab, with other monoclonals unable to neutralize B.1.1.529.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Infection of Syrian Hamster Does Not Cause More Severe Disease, and Naturally Acquired Immunity Confers Protection

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivette A. Nuñez ◽  
Christopher Z. Lien ◽  
Prabhuanand Selvaraj ◽  
Charles B. Stauft ◽  
Shufeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Syrian Hamster ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Viral Fitness ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Enhanced Transmission ◽  
Prior Infection ◽  
Rapid Emergence

The rapid emergence of several variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 calls for evaluations of viral fitness and pathogenicity in animal models in order to understand the mechanism of enhanced transmission and the possible increases in morbidity and mortality rates. Here, we demonstrated that immunity naturally acquired through a prior infection with the first-wave variant does confer nearly complete protection against the B.1.1.7 variant in Syrian hamsters upon reexposure.

scholarly journals Analysis of mortality rates for gallbladder cancer across the world

HPB ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hariharan ◽  
A. Saied ◽  
H.M. Kocher
Keyword(s):  
Gallbladder Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The World

scholarly journals Mortality beyond emergency threshold in a silent crisis– results from a population-based mortality survey in Ouaka prefecture, Central African Republic, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Robinson ◽  
Lawrence Lee ◽  
Leslie F. Roberts ◽  
Aurelie Poelhekke ◽  
Xavier Charles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central African Republic ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Access To Healthcare ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Humanitarian Emergency ◽  
The World ◽  
Mortality Survey

Abstract Background The Central African Republic (CAR) suffers a protracted conflict and has the second lowest human development index in the world. Available mortality estimates vary and differ in methodology. We undertook a retrospective mortality study in the Ouaka prefecture to obtain reliable mortality data. Methods We conducted a population-based two-stage cluster survey from 9 March to 9 April, 2020 in Ouaka prefecture. We aimed to include 64 clusters of 12 households for a required sample size of 3636 persons. We assigned clusters to communes proportional to population size and then used systematic random sampling to identify cluster starting points from a dataset of buildings in each commune. In addition to the mortality survey questions, we included an open question on challenges faced by the household. Results We completed 50 clusters with 591 participating households including 4000 household members on the interview day. The median household size was 7 (interquartile range (IQR): 4—9). The median age was 12 (IQR: 5—27). The birth rate was 59.0/1000 population (95% confidence interval (95%-CI): 51.7—67.4). The crude and under-five mortality rates (CMR & U5MR) were 1.33 (95%-CI: 1.09—1.61) and 1.87 (95%-CI: 1.37–2.54) deaths/10,000 persons/day, respectively. The most common specified causes of death were malaria/fever (16.0%; 95%-CI: 11.0–22.7), violence (13.2%; 95%-CI: 6.3–25.5), diarrhoea/vomiting (10.6%; 95%-CI: 6.2–17.5), and respiratory infections (8.4%; 95%-CI: 4.6–14.8). The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was 2525/100,000 live births (95%-CI: 825—5794). Challenges reported by households included health problems and access to healthcare, high number of deaths, lack of potable water, insufficient means of subsistence, food insecurity and violence. Conclusions The CMR, U5MR and MMR exceed previous estimates, and the CMR exceeds the humanitarian emergency threshold. Violence is a major threat to life, and to physical and mental wellbeing. Other causes of death speak to poor living conditions and poor access to healthcare and preventive measures, corroborated by the challenges reported by households. Many areas of CAR face similar challenges to Ouaka. If these results were generalisable across CAR, the country would suffer one of the highest mortality rates in the world, a reminder that the longstanding “silent crisis” continues.

scholarly journals MOOCS As A Method Of Distance Education In The Arab World – A Review Paper

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raniah Samir Adham ◽  
Karsten Oster Lundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Massive Open Online Courses ◽  
Massive Open Online ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Developed World

Abstract Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in the Arab World are still in their infancy. Many Arab countries are now starting to launch their MOOC platforms; however, there are only a few who have actually implemented such systems. This paper will explore online learning, in particular the rise of MOOCs around the world and their impact on the Arab World. The purpose of this paper is to give a true picture of the development of the first MOOC platforms in the Arab World. It will analyse in detail the concept, definitions, background, and types of MOOCs (xMOOCs and cMOOCs), as well as the main MOOCs platform in the Western and Arab worlds, and a timeline of the development of MOOCs. It will then observe the status of MOOCs in the developed world, opportunities in the Middle East, and the influence of Western MOOCs on the Arab world, from many perspectives, e.g. educational, religious, cultural and social.

Infinite Needs–Finite Resources: The Future of Healthcare

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Richard D. Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Competitive Performance ◽  
Service Workers ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Tensions ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed World

The single greatest challenge facing managers in the developed countries of the world is to raise the productivity of knowledge and service workers. This challenge, which will dominate the management agenda for the next several decades, will ultimately determine the competitive performance of companies. Even more important, it will determine the very fabric of society and the quality of life of every industrialized nation. … Unless this challenge is met, the developed world will face increasing social tensions, increasing polarization, increasing radicalization, possibly even class war.

COVID-19: Are Experimental Drugs Cure or Ill?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bensu Karahalil ◽  
Aylin Elkama
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The World

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus. It is characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has quickly influenced all over the world since it spreads easily. Common symptoms are fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and muscle aches. Despite the urgent need to find an effective antiviral treatment, already available agents are being used alone or in combination all over the world. At the beginning of the pandemic, death rates of infection caused by COVID-19 are high but "is COVID-19 responsible for all deaths?", or “are there any contributions of the frequently used drugs in this period to these deaths?” Surely herd immunity plays a major role and has the contribution in the decline in mortality rates. Meanwhile, it is kept in mind that due to safety concerns, changes have also been made to the dosage and combined use of frequently used drugs. Objective: In this review, answers to two questions above and the safety of treatments, toxicities of agents involving chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopiravir/ritonavir, sarilumab, tocilizumab, siltuximab, corticosteroids and bromhexine which are the most frequently used in both Turkey and all over the world will be summarized. Conclusion: Among these drugs favipiravir seems the most promising drug due to more tolerable adverse effects. More clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to find the most effective and safe drug for COVID-19 treatment.

EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD ON REGULATION OF SPORTS AND HEALTH SPHERE AND PROMOTION OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Serhii Tsymbaliuk
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Organizational Models ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
The World ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the article is to study the experience of developed countries in the regulation of sports and health in order to stimulate its development and adaptation to new challenges and threats. In the course of the research the methods of theoretical and comparative analysis were used to reveal the peculiarities of the American and European models of sports and health man-agement; statistical and graphical - to determine the economic role and trends in the sports and health industry in the world, the impact of the pandemic on income from sports. The article develops organizational and economic approaches to intensify the development of sports and recreation. Certain features of organizational models of management, sports legislation, financ-ing, possible tools to stimulate the development of sports and health in the developed world form a scientific basis for substantiating ways to intensify this area.

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