scholarly journals An Integrated View of Homologous Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollutants in China

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Lin ◽  
Ruqi Yang ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Ning Zeng ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
Pollution Emissions

Abstract Background: Air pollution in China has raised great concerns due to its adverse effects on air quality, human health, and climate. Emissions of air pollutants (APs) are inherently linked with CO2 emissions through fossil-energy consumption. Knowledge of the characteristics of APs and CO2 emissions and their relationships is fundamentally important in the pursuit of co-benefits in addressing air quality and climate issues in China. However, the linkages and interactions between APs and CO2 in China are not well understood.Results: Here, we conducted an ensemble study of six bottom-up inventories to identify the underlying drivers of APs and CO2 emissions growth and to explore their linkages in China. The results showed that, during 1980-2015, the power and industry sectors contributed 61–79% to China’s overall emissions of CO2, NOx, and SO2. In addition, the residential and industrial sectors were large emitters (77–85%) of PM10, PM2.5, CO, BC, and OC. The emissions of CH4, N2O and NH3 were dominated by the agriculture sector (46–82%), while the share of CH4 emissions in the energy sector increased since 2010. During 1980-2015, APs and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from residential sources generally decreased over time, while the transportation sector increased its impact on recent emissions, particularly for NOx and NMVOC. Since implementation of stringent pollution control measures and accompanying technological improvements in 2013, China has effectively limited pollution emissions (e.g., growth rates of –10% per year for PM and –20% for SO2) and slowed down the increasing trend of carbon emissions from the power and industrial sectors. We also found that areas with high emissions of CO, NOx, NMVOC, and SO2 also emitted large amounts of CO2, which demonstrates the possible common sources of APs and GHGs. Moreover, we found significant correlations between CO2 and APs (e.g., NOx, CO, SO2, and PM) emissions in the top 5% high-emitting grid cells, with more than 60% common/overlapped grid cells during 2010–2015. Conclusions: We found significant homology in spatial and temporal aspects for CO2, and NOx, CO, SO2, and PM emissions in China. We targeted sectorial and spatial APs and GHGs emission hot-spots, which help for management and policy-making of collaborative reductions of them. This comprehensive analysis over 6 datasets improves our understanding of APs and GHGs emissions in China during the period of rapid industrialization from 1980 to 2015. This study helps elucidate the linkages between APs and CO2 from an integrated perspective, and provides insights for future synergistic emissions reduction.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in emissions estimates of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in India and their impacts on regional air quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 065002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Saikawa ◽  
Marcus Trail ◽  
Min Zhong ◽  
Qianru Wu ◽  
Cindy L Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Regional Air Quality

Air Quality in Riga and Its Improvement Options

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (-1) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Janis Kleperis ◽  
Gunars Bajars ◽  
Ingrida Bremere ◽  
Martins Menniks ◽  
Arturs Viksna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Particle Pollution ◽  
The City

Air Quality in Riga and Its Improvement Options Air quality in the city of Riga is evaluated from direct monitoring results and from accounting registered air pollutants in the city. It is concluded that from all air polluting substances listed in the European Commission directives, only nitrogen dioxide NO2 and particulate matter PM10 exceed the limits. In assessing the projected measures to improve air quality in Riga, it can be concluded that the implementation of cleaner fuels and improvements in energy efficiency of household and industrial sectors will decrease particle pollution, but measures in the transport sector will also contribute to reducing air pollution from nitrogen oxides.

PROGRAM ’KONVERSI MINYAK TANAH KE LPG’ SEBAGAI SUATU TEHNIK PENGURANGAN EMISI

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Endang Suarna
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽  
Production Ratio ◽  
Transportation Sector

The goal of Government Policy on converting the utilization of kerosene to LPG is to reduce kerosene consumption and fuel oil subsidy. As kerosene has higher pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions rather than LPG, the program also has impact on reducing those emissions that would lead to improving indoor air quality. Higher energy efficiency of LPG stove and more reserve production ratio (R/P) of gas can be attributed to the advantages of utilization of LPG. Indirectly, the conversion kerosene to LPG has another impact on reducing illegal blending between gasoline or diesel with kerosene for transportation sector. The program not only has economical advantages, but also has environmental advantages.Key words: LPG, kerosene, fuel oil subsidy, energy efficiency, indoor air quality

scholarly journals Perhitungan Beban Emisi Gas Buang SO2 dari Kendaraan Bermotor di Ruas Jalan Utama Kota Bandung menggunakan Pemodelan Terbalik

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
KIRANA OKTAVIAN ◽  
DIDIN AGUSTIAN PERMADI ◽  
MILA DIRGAWATI
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Inverse Modeling ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Quality Measurement ◽  
Quality Models ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Factor Data

AbstrakKota Bandung sebagai kota dengan aktivitas transportasi yang tinggi menghasilkan emisi pencemar di udara, salah satunya adalah Sulfur Dioksida (SO2). Data pengukuran kualitas udara roadside rata-rata pertahun oleh Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Bandung (DLH Kota Bandung) bahwa trend peningkatan konsentrasi SO2 dari tahun 2017-2018 sebesar 46%. Meninjau dari dampak yang disebabkan terhadap kesehatan manusia maupun lingkungan, maka diperlukan suatu upaya pengendalian pencemaran udara, salah satunya adalah inventarisasi emisi (IE). Pelaksanaan IE di Indonesia masih terdapat kekurangan dalam segi teknis maupun non teknis. Data faktor emisi yang digunakan dalam perhitungan beban emisi belum spesifik terhadap kondisi lalu lintas di Kota Bandung. Selain itu, metode IE secara umum memerlukan banyak pengambilan data. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah perhitungan beban emisi dari sektor transportasi dengan menggunakan metode pemodelan terbalik. Metode ini memberikan informasi nilai estimasi faktor emisi melalui hasil pengukuran udara. CALINE4 merupakan salah satu model kualitas udara yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk konsep pemodelan terbalik. Kata kunci: Sulfur Dioksida, Model Terbalik, CALINE4, Faktor Emisi, Beban Emisi AbstractBandung City is a growing cities with intensive transportation activities which are expected to emit air pollutants such as Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). Based on data from the average annual roadside air quality measurement by DLH Kota Bandung that the trend of increasing SO2 concentrations from 2017-2018 is 46%. The necessary for controlling air pollution in Bandung City is needed, one of which is inventory of emissions (IE). Implementation of IE in Indonesia is still lacking in various aspects. Emission factor data that were used in the calculation of emission loads is not specific to the traffic conditions in Bandung. In addition, the IE method generally requires a lot of data retrievall. The purpose of this study is to calculate the emission load of SO2 from the transportation sector by using the inverse modeling method. This method provides information on the estimated value of emission factors through the results of air measurements. CALINE4 air quality models was used for the purpose.  Keywords: Sulfur Dioxide, Inverse Modelling, CALINE4, Emission Factor, Emission Load

Can somebody clear the air? How air quality and climate change are connected.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika von Schneidemesser
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Quality Policy

Air pollution and climate change are different phenomena, but are connected in a number of ways. The same sources emit both air pollutants and greenhouse gases, many air pollutants affect the Earth’s energy balance and thereby affect climate change, and a changing climate will affect air quality. Policy options to address either air quality or climate change cannot be formulated and applied in isolation, as most will often affect emissions of both greenhouse gases and air pollutants. This article outlines the basics of what air pollutants and greenhouse gases are, how they affect air quality and climate change, and where they come from. The connections between these two environmental phenomena are also addressed.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Change of Air-Quality Patterns in Hubei Province—A Pre- to Post-COVID-19 Analysis Using Path Analysis and Regression

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1338
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aamir ◽  
Zeyun Li ◽  
Sibghatullah Bazai ◽  
Raja Asif Wagan ◽  
Uzair Aslam Bhatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Mitigation measures and control strategies relating to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been widely applied in many countries to reduce the transmission of this pandemic disease. China was the first country to implement a strong lockdown policy to control COVID-19 when countries worldwide were struggling to manage COVID-19 cases. However, lockdown causes numerous changes to air-quality patterns due to the low amount of traffic and the decreased human mobility it results in. To study the impact of the strict control measures of the new COVID-19 epidemic on the air quality of Hubei in early 2020, the air-quality monitoring data of Hubei’s four cities, namely Huangshi, Yichang, Jingzhou, and Wuhan, from 2019 to 2021, specifically 1 January to 30 August, was examined to analyze the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distribution. All air-quality pollutants decreased during the active-COVID-19 period, with a maximum decrease of 26% observed in PM10, followed by 23% of PM2.5, and a minimum decrease of 5% observed in O3. Changes in air pollutants from 2017 to 2021 were also compared, and a decrease in all pollutants through to 2020 was found. The air-quality index (AQI) recorded an increase of 2% post-COVID-19, which shows that air quality will worsen in future, but it decreased by 22% during the active-COVID-19 period. A path analysis model was developed to further understand the relationship between the AQI and air-quality patterns. This path analysis shows a strong correlation between the AQI and PM10 and PM2.5, however its correlation with other air pollutants is weak. Regression analysis shows a similar pattern of there being a strong relationship between AQI and PM10 (r2 = 0.97) and PM2.5 (r2 = 0.93). Although the COVID-19 pandemic had numerous negative effects on human health and the global economy, it is likely that the reduction in air pollution and the significant improvement in ambient air quality due to lockdowns provided substantial short-term health benefits. The government must implement policies to control the environmental issues which are causing poor air quality in post-COVID-19.

scholarly journals Environmental Effective Assessment of Control Measures Implemented by Clean Air Action Plan (2013–2017) in Beijing, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifeng Xue ◽  
Shihao Zhang ◽  
Teng Nie ◽  
Xizi Cao ◽  
Aijun Shi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Total Reduction ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

The Beijing government initiated the Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP) in 2013. Through a series of actions to control air pollution, the emissions of major atmospheric pollutants are reduced to improve urban air quality. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures taken to mitigate atmospheric pollution, we investigated and analyzed the implementation of the CAAP in Beijing from 2013 to 2017, estimating the corresponding reduction in emissions of major air pollutants. The contribution of different control measures to the improvement of air quality was quantified and the experiences of managing air pollution were summarized, which provided references for the continuous improvement of air quality in Beijing and the surrounding areas. The results showed that the emission of SO2, NOX, PM10, PM2.5, and VOCs from air pollution source have been decreased by 119,924, 116,091, 116,810, 46,652, and 97,267 tons after the implementation of the CAAP. The sum of these five air pollutants emissions have been reduced by 39% in 2017 compared with 2013, the largest decrease in SO2 emissions was 87%, which was related to the vigorous control on coal-fired combustion. The control measure with the greatest contribution to decreasing the ambient PM2.5 concentration was the clean energy transformation of coal-fired power plants, which contributed 27% of the total reduced concentration and 6.1 μg/m3 of the average PM2.5 concentration reduction in Beijing. Clean Residential coal use also significantly decreased the PM2.5 concentration by 5.4 μg/m3, which was 23% of the total reduction. In addition, the industrial restructuring and the management of automotive vehicle use and dust could also contribute to efficiently reducing the PM2.5 concentration by 4.0, 3.2, and 2.3 μg/m3, or 17%, 14%, and 10% of the total reduction, respectively. Due to the implementation of control measures of Clean Air Action Plan, the energy and industrial structure of Beijing have been adjusted and optimized, leading to the reduction of pollutant emissions, which is the secret of urban long-term air quality improvement.

scholarly journals Biogenic isoprene and implications for oxidant levels in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 25939-25967 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-C. Chang ◽  
M. Shao ◽  
C. C. K. Chou ◽  
S.-C. Liu ◽  
J.-L. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Light Flux ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Ozone Formation ◽  
Early Afternoon

Abstract. As the host of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, Beijing implemented a series of stringent, short-term air quality control measures to reduce the emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants. Large reductions in the daily average concentrations of primary pollutants, e.g., non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) of approximately 50% were observed at the air quality observatory of Peking University. Nevertheless, high levels of ozone were present during the control period. Although anthropogenic precursors were greatly reduced, the meteorological conditions in summer, including high temperature and light flux, are conducive to the production of large amounts of biogenic isoprene, which is extremely reactive. The diurnal pattern of isoprene showed daily maximum mixing ratios of 0.83 ppbv at noon and a minimum at night, reflecting its primarily biogenic properties. Using the ratio of isoprene to vehicle exhaust tracers, approximately 92% of the daytime isoprene was estimated from biogenic sources, and only 8% was attributed to vehicular emissions. In terms of OH reactivity and the ozone formation potential (OFP), biogenic isoprene with its midday surge can contribute approximately 20% of the total OFPs and 40–50% of the total OH reactivities of the 65 measured NMHCs during the midday hours. The discrepancy between decreased precursor levels and the observed high ozone was most likely caused by a combination of many factors. The changes in the partition among the components of oxidation products (O3, NO2 and NOz) and the contribution of air pollutants from regional sources outside Beijing should be two primary reasons. Furthermore, the influences of biogenic isoprene as well as the non-linearity of O3-VOC-NOx chemistry are other major concerns that can reduce the effectiveness of the control measures for decreasing ozone formation. Although anthropogenic precursors were greatly reduced during the Olympic Games, sufficient biogenic isoprene and moderate NOx were still present in the conditions of high radiation flux and temperature during midday and early afternoon, which can still contribute a significant fraction of midday and early afternoon O3.

High-resolution air-quality observations onboard commercial Zeppelin flights in Germany 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Tillmann ◽  
Franz Rohrer ◽  
Georgios I. Gkatzelis ◽  
Benjamin Winter ◽  
Christian Wesolek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Air Speed

<p>A Zeppelin NT airship has been used as a platform for in-situ measurement of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The Zeppelin especially with its long flight endurance, low air speed and potential high payload fills a gap between stationary ground based and remote sensing measurements, payload limited UAV based air monitoring, long range-high-altitude aircraft, and satellite observations. Its flight properties render unique applications for the observation of PBL dynamics and air quality monitoring. Highly resolved spatial and temporal trace gas measurements provide input required for modelling of air pollution and validation of emission inventories.</p><p>The core instrument deployed was a novel Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) based multi-compound gas analyzer (MIRO Analytical AG) to measure in-situ concentrations of 10 greenhouse gases and air pollutants simultaneously. The analyzer measured CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, H<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub>, and the pollutants CO, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> with high precision and a measurement rate of 1 Hz. The instrument was operated remotely without the need of on-site personnel. The instrument package was complemented by electrochemical sensors for NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>x</sub> and CO (alphasense), an optical particle counter (alphasense), temperature, humidity, altitude and position monitoring. Three campaigns of two weeks each were conducted in 2020 comprising unattended operation during commercial passenger flights.</p><p>The acquired data set will be discussed in regard to (1) diurnal height profiles of trace gases such as NO<sub>2</sub>, (2) a detailed source attribution by fingerprinting, and (3) a comparison to observations from ground-based monitoring stations. The results demonstrate the QCL spectrometer as an all-in-one solution for air-borne trace gas monitoring. By measuring 10 compounds at once it helps to greatly reduce payload, space requirements and power consumption.</p>

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