Optimising Malaria Control Interventions in Mali Based on Epidemiological Surveillance and Rainfall Data

Abstract Background In malaria endemic countries, control interventions are performed during the high malaria transmission season using epidemiological surveillance data. One such intervention, seasonal chemoprevention (SMC), consists of the monthly administration of antimalarial drugs to children under 5 years. This study proposes an anticipating approach for adapting the timing of SMC interventions in Mali and the number of rounds. Our primary objective was to select the best approach for anticipating the onset of the high transmission season in the different health districts of Mali based on epidemiological surveillance and rainfall data. Our secondary objective was to evaluate the number of malaria cases, hospitalisations, and deaths in children under 5 years that could be prevented in Mali using the selected approach and the additional cost associated.Method Confirmed malaria cases and weekly rainfall data were collected for the 75 health districts of Mali for the 2014-2019 period. The onset of the rainy season, the onset of the high transmission season, the lag between these two events and the duration of the high transmission season were determined for each health district. Two approaches for anticipating the onset of the high transmission season in 2019 were evaluated. Results In 2014-2019, the onset of the rainy season ranged from W17 April to W34 August and that of the high transmission season from W25 June to W40 September. The lag between these two events ranged from 5 to 12 weeks. The duration of the high transmission season ranged from 3 to 6 months. The best approach anticipated the onset of the high transmission season 2019 in June in 2 districts, July in 46 districts, August in 21 districts and September in 6 districts. Using this approach over the 2014-2019 period would have led to changing the timing of SMC interventions in 36 health districts and would have prevented 43,819 cases, 1,943 hospitalisations and 70 deaths in children under 5 years. The additional cost of using our proposed approach is less than 5% of the current approach. Conclusion Adapting the timing of SMC interventions using our proposed approach would improve the prevention of malaria cases, hospitalisations, and deaths for a reasonable additional cost.

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Asymptomatic malaria and anaemia among pregnant women during high and low malaria transmission seasons in Burkina Faso: household-based cross-sectional surveys in Burkina Faso, 2013 and 2017

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-021-03703-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Toussaint Rouamba ◽

Sékou Samadoulougou ◽

Mady Ouédraogo ◽

Hervé Hien ◽

Halidou Tinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Burkina Faso ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Malaria Transmission ◽

Asymptomatic Malaria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Transmission Season ◽

Low Transmission ◽

High Transmission ◽

Asymptomatic Carriage ◽

Low Malaria Transmission

Abstract Background Malaria in endemic countries is often asymptomatic during pregnancy, but it has substantial consequences for both the mother and her unborn baby. During pregnancy, anaemia is an important consequence of malaria infection. In Burkina Faso, the intensity of malaria varies according to the season, albeit the prevalence of malaria and anaemia as well as their risk factors, during high and low malaria transmission seasons is underexplored at the household level. Methods Data of 1751 pregnant women from October 2013 to March 2014 and 1931 pregnant women from April 2017 to June 2017 were drawn from two cross-sectional household surveys conducted in 24 health districts of Burkina Faso. Pregnant women were tested for malaria in their household after consenting. Asymptomatic carriage was defined as a positive result from malaria rapid diagnostic tests in the absence of clinical symptoms of malaria. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin level less than 11 g/dL in the first and third trimester and less than 10.5 g/dL in the second trimester of pregnancy. Results Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in pregnancy was estimated at 23.9% (95% CI 20.2–28.0) during the high transmission season (October–November) in 2013. During the low transmission season, it was 12.7% (95% CI 10.9–14.7) between December and March in 2013–2014 and halved (6.4%; 95% CI 5.3–7.6) between April and June 2017. Anaemia prevalence was estimated at 59.4% (95% CI 54.8–63.8) during the high transmission season in 2013. During the low transmission season, it was 50.6% (95% CI 47.7–53.4) between December and March 2013–2014 and 65.0% (95% CI 62.8–67.2) between April and June, 2017. Conclusion This study revealed that the prevalence of malaria asymptomatic carriage and anaemia among pregnant women at the community level remain high throughout the year. Thus, more efforts are needed to increase prevention measures such as IPTp–SP coverage in order to reduce anaemia and contribute to preventing low birth weight and poor pregnancy outcomes.

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Pengaruh Angin Dan Kelembapan Atmosfer Lapisan Atas Terhadap Lapisan Permukaan Di Manado

Jurnal MIPA ◽

10.35799/jm.3.1.2014.3909 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 58 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Farid Mufti ◽

As'ari .

Keyword(s):

Surface Layer ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Dry Season ◽

Correlation Technique ◽

Wind Condition ◽

The North ◽

Positive Correlation Coefficient

Penelitian ini mengkaji lebih dalam kondisi angin dan kelembapan udara pada saat musim hujan dan musim kemarau di Manado dengan menggunakan data di lapisan permukaan dan data udara atas dari Stasiun Meteorologi Sam Ratulangi Manado. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan hubungan antara kondisi angin dan kelembapan lapisan atas terhadap lapisan permukaan, sehingga dapat memprakirakan kondisi angin dan kelembapan lapisan permukaan dengan berdasarkan keadaan lapisan atas. Metode yang digunakan adalah mengkomponenkan angin dalam arah utara-selatan dan timur-barat, selanjutnya mencari keterkaitan dengan menggunakan teknik korelasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pada saat musim hujan angin pada lapisan 1500 m dan angin di lapisan permukaan memiliki arah yang sama dan saling menguatkan untuk komponen timur-barat (zonal) dengan koefisien korelasi r=0,56, sedangkan pada saat musim kemarau angin pada lapisan 1500 m dan angin di lapisan permukaan memiliki arah yang sama dan saling menguatkan untuk komponen utara-selatan (meridional) dengan koefisien korelasi r=0,45. Keterkaitan yang cukup kuat antara angin dengan kelembapan terjadi pada komponen V (meridional) yaitu, pada saat musim hujan, semakin besar kecepatan angin komponen negatif (utara) semakin besar pula kelembapan udara di lapisan permukaan, dengan koefisien korelasi benilai positif r=0.40. Pada saat musim kemarau, semakin besar kecepatan angin komponen positif (selatan) semakin kecil kelembapan udara di lapisan permukaan, dengan koefisien korelasi bernilai negatif r=— 0,48.This study examined the wind and humidity condition in the rainy season and dry season in Manado by using the data in surface layer and upper air data from the Sam Ratulangi Meteorological Station. The primary objective of this study was to find the relationship between wind condition and upper layer humidity to surface layer, using correlation technique, in order to predict wind condition and humidity of the surface layer based on the condition of the upper layer. The results showed that, during the rainy season, the wind at layer 1500 m and surface layer had the same direction and mutually reinforced for the east-west component (zonal) with correlation coefficient r=0.56, whereas during the dry season, wind at layer 1500 m and at surface layer had the same direction and mutually reinforced for the north-south component (meridional) with correlation coefficient r=0.45. A relationship between wind and humidity was found at V component (meridional), which was, at rainy season, the higher the wind speed of negative component (north) the higher the humidity at surface layer with positive correlation coefficient r=0.40. At dry season, the higher the wind speed of positive component (south), the lower the humidity at the surface layer, with negative correlation coefficient r=—0.48.

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1491. Active Norovirus Surveillance in Children Under 5 Years with Diarrhea after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Argentina (2017–2019)

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1355 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S543-S543

Author(s):

Angela Gentile ◽

Juan Stupka ◽

Juan I Degiuseppe ◽

María del Valle Juárez ◽

Maria Florencia Lucion ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Diarrhea ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Watery Diarrhea ◽

Rotavirus Vaccine ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccine Introduction ◽

Rotavirus Vaccination ◽

Children Under 5

Abstract Background Acute diarrhea is one of the leading causes of infant morbidity and mortality. Argentina introduced massive rotavirus vaccination in 2015. In several countries, this introduction has changed the distribution of enteropathogens. The decrease in the prevalence of rotavirus has been described at the expense of an increase in Norovirus (NoV) activity worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of NoV in acute diarrhea cases in outpatient children under 5 years of age and their epidemiological profile. Methods A prospective and cross-sectional study in <5 years outpatients attended for acute diarrhea in Children’s Hospital “Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez” in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between July 2017 and March 2019 was conducted. Active epidemiological surveillance was performed with a specific case reporting form. Stool samples were tested for NoV (RT-qPCR). Clinical and epidemiological data were recorded. Results A total of 252 patients were enrolled and 235 stools samples were tested. Median of age was 22.3 months (IQR: 11–30), 58.7% were male. The most frequent symptoms were fever and vomiting in 63.1% and 53%, respectively; 52% had watery diarrhea, 45.2% had moderate diarrhea according to Vesikari Scale, 95.6% were normohydrated and 22% had a household member with diarrhea. There were no immunocompromised children. A 72% had received rotavirus vaccine, 86% of them with full scheme. From samples tested, 27% (n = 63) were NoV positive. NoV was found throughout the year and the frequency of detection was higher in January and June (summer and winter in Argentina). Regarding genetic diversity the most frequent genogroup was GII (65%; 41/63) and genotype GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney (48%; 20/41). Bacterial co-infection was observed in 35%. Compared with negative cases, NoV were younger (18 vs. 20 months; P < 0.001) and were associated with higher prevalence of rotavirus vaccination (88% vs. 66%; P = 0.001). No statistically difference was found regarding to gender, clinical outcome and severity. Conclusion NoV was detected at high frequency (27%) in children presenting moderate acute diarrhea, mainly in those who received rotavirus vaccine. Regarding sporadic acute diarrhea cases in children, it is important to consider NoV as a frequent etiological agent. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Measurement of Antibody Levels against Region II of the Erythrocyte-Binding Antigen 175 of Plasmodium falciparum in an Area of Malaria Holoendemicity in Western Kenya

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.72.2.735-741.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 735-741 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Eunita A. Ohas ◽

John H. Adams ◽

John N. Waitumbi ◽

Alloys S. S. Orago ◽

Arnoldo Barbosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Sialic Acid ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Western Kenya ◽

Transmission Season ◽

High Transmission ◽

Exposed Population ◽

Erythrocyte Binding ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Region Ii

ABSTRACT Region II of the 175-kDa erythrocyte-binding antigen (EBA-175RII) of Plasmodium falciparum is functionally important in sialic acid-dependent erythrocyte invasion and is considered a prime target for an invasion-blocking vaccine. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of anti-EBA-175RII antibodies in a naturally exposed population, (ii) determine whether naturally acquired antibodies have a functional role by inhibiting binding of EBA-175RII to erythrocytes, and (iii) determine whether antibodies against EBA-175RII correlate with immunity to clinical malaria. We treated 301 lifelong residents of an area of malaria holoendemicity in western Kenya for malaria, monitored them during a high-transmission season, and identified 33 individuals who were asymptomatic despite parasitemia (clinically immune). We also identified 50 clinically susceptible individuals to serve as controls. These 83 individuals were treated and monitored again during the subsequent low-transmission season. Anti-EBA-175RII antibodies were present in 98.7% of the individuals studied. The antibody levels were relatively stable between the beginning and end of the high-transmission season and correlated with the plasma EBA-175RII erythrocyte-binding-inhibitory activity. There was no difference in anti-EBA-175RII levels or plasma EBA-175RII erythrocyte-binding-inhibitory activity between clinically immune and clinically susceptible groups. However, these parameters were higher in nonparasitemic than in parasitemic individuals at enrollment. These results suggest that although antibodies against EBA-175RII may be effective in suppressing some of the wild parasite strains, EBA-175RII is unlikely to be effective as a monovalent vaccine against malaria, perhaps due to allelic heterogeneity and/or presence of sialic acid-independent strains.

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High Iron Stores in the Low Malaria Season Increase Malaria Risk in the High Transmission Season in a Prospective Cohort of Rural Zambian Children

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.3945/jn.117.250381 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 147 (8) ◽

pp. 1531-1536 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Maxwell A Barffour ◽

Kerry J Schulze ◽

Christian L Coles ◽

Justin Chileshe ◽

Ng’andwe Kalungwana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prospective Cohort ◽

Malaria Risk ◽

Transmission Season ◽

Iron Stores ◽

High Iron ◽

High Transmission

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Analysis of Drought Using Meteorological and Microwave Remote Sensed Data: A Case of Wami Watershed, Tanzania

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology ◽

10.52339/tjet.v37i2.487 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 107-124

Author(s):

Mwajuma Juma ◽

Deogratias M.M. Mulungu

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Microwave Remote Sensing ◽

Rainfall Data ◽

Drought Monitoring ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Microwave Radar ◽

Spatial Coverage ◽

Meteorological Droughts

Agricultural sector is important for the economy of Tanzania, but in recent years there is decline in its growth and performance because of persistent droughts. An in-depth study of droughts was conducted on Wami watershed through rainfall and satellite microwave remote sensing data leading for estimates of meteorological droughts and soil moisture based droughts, respectively. Rainfall data during 1973-2008 was used to obtain Drought Severity Index (DSI) and active imaging microwave radar data during 1997-2009 from ESA’s SAR missions of ENVISAT and ERS was used to obtain soil moisture anomalies (SMA). Soil map was used to explain discrepancies in droughts from SMA to DSI maps at intervals of time. Seasonality analysis and DSI results showed that the main sub-seasons contributing to rainy season are October through December, January-February and March through May, and drought years were 1984, 1991, 1994, 2004 and 2006. Results showed that the last decade (2000s) had severe droughts that covered 35-39% of the Wami watershed and could have affected 1128000 people. The soil moisture based drought maps showed the same drought conditions as DSI maps in January, March, May and October. This indicated that in most areas the meteorological droughts can be used to infer to droughts conditions in the soil during the rainy season. The obtained drought events and impacts were confirmed in the field through interviews. However, in July SMA map showed normal and wet conditions whereas it was a dry season for DSI map. This showed that when rainy season ends, the soil still holds some moisture, which can be available for simple crops like vegetables. Therefore, it can be concluded that the SMA was able to provide a better alternative to DSI especially for increased spatial coverage and accuracy of drought monitoring for agricultural production. The SMA enables to map droughts conditions at any point spatially rather than point based DSI maps, which may be prone to rainfall data gaps and spatial interpolation errors. The SMA approach for drought monitoring may be useful to rainfall data scarcity areas of Tanzania and for agricultural droughts risk management.

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Perbandingan Perkiraan Debit Puncak Banjir Menggunakan Metode Nakayasu dan Metode FSR Jawa Sumatera untuk DAS Dombo Sayung

Reka Buana Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil dan Teknik Kimia ◽

10.33366/rekabuana.v5i2.1894 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Muhammad Syarifudin ◽

Karuniadi Satrijo Utomo

Keyword(s):

Natural Disaster ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Rainfall Data ◽

Disaster Mitigation ◽

Material Loss ◽

Public Facilities ◽

Flood Discharge ◽

The Impact ◽

Detrimental Impact ◽

Peak Flood

Banjir merupakan salah satu bentuk bencana alam yang hingga saat ini masih belum dapat diselesaikan. Dampak banjir tidak hanya kerugian infrastruktur berupa jalan dan fasilitas umum akan tetapi kerugian materil menjadi bagian dari dampak yang merugikan bagi masyarakan. Padahal, bagi sebagian warga di Semarang dan Kabupaten Demak, banjir menjadi persoalan rutin pada musim penghujan. Daerah yang menjadi langganan banjir di Demak yaitu daerah Sayung, Karang Asem dan Mranggen. Banjir di daerah tersebut sulit diatasi bahkan semakin lama persoalan banjir tersebut semakin parah dan meluas. Dengan demikian penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan perkiraan debit puncak banjir melalui dua metode yang berbeda. Berdasarkan pada hasil maka mitigasi bencana juga dapat ditingkatkan. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode Nakayasu dan FSR Jawa Sumatera untuk mengukur debit puncak banjir dengan menggunakan rentang data curah hujan 10 tahun. Adapun hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa debit banjir yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode Nakayasu menghasilkan debit banjir lebih besar daripada analisis debit banjir menggunakan FSR Jawa Sumatera. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan metode Nakayasu diperoleh nilai terbesar untuk Sungai Penggaron 270,4 m3/detik. Sungai Dombo Sayung 296,4 m3/detik dan Sugai Dolok 332,2 m3/detik. Adapun, untuk Metode FSR Jawa Sumatera diperoleh nilai terbesar untuk Sungai Penggaron 112,7 m3/detik. Sungai Dombo Sayung 239,7 m3/detik dan Sugai Dolok 632,1 m3/detik.Kata kunci : debit banjir; dombo sayung; FSR Jawa Sumatera; nakayasu ABSTRACTFlooding is a form of natural disaster that has yet to be resolved. The impact of flooding is the loss of infrastructure in roads and public facilities, but a material loss is part of the community's detrimental impact. For some residents in Semarang and Demak Regency, flooding is a routine problem during the rainy season. Areas that are regularly flooded in Demak are Sayung, Karang Asem, and Mranggen. Floods in the area are challenging to overcome, even if flooding is getting worse and broader. Thus this study aims to determine the comparison of the estimated peak flood discharge through two different methods. Based on the results, disaster mitigation can also be improved. This study used Nakayasu and Java Sumatera FSR to measure the peak flood discharge using a ten-year rainfall data range. The analysis results show that the flood discharge analyzed using the Nakayasu method produces a more massive flood discharge than the flood discharge analysis using the Java Sumatra FSR. The analysis results using the Nakayasu method obtained the most significant value for the Penggaron River 270.4 m3/second. Sungai Dombo Sayung 296.4 m3/second and Sugai Dolok 332.2 m3/second. Meanwhile, for the Java Sumatra FSR Method, the most significant value was obtained for the Penggaron River 112.7 m3/second. Sungai Dombo Sayung 239.7 m3/second and Sugai Dolok 632.1 m3/second.

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ANALISIS POLA HUJAN DAN DISTRIBUSI HUJAN BERDASARKAN KETINGGIAN TEMPAT DI PULAU FLORES

Jurnal Fisika : Fisika Sains dan Aplikasinya ◽

10.35508/fisa.v5i2.2451 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 118-128

Author(s):

Elisabet Marlin Lesik ◽

Hery Leo Sianturi ◽

Apolinaris S Geru ◽

Bernandus Bernandus

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

Geographic Information System ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Rainfall Data ◽

Mean Values ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Average Rainfall ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Rainfall Patterns

Abstrak Telah dilakukan analisis pola dan distribusi hujan berdasarkan ketinggian tempat di pulau Flores. Data rata-rata bulanan untuk mendapatkan pola curah hujan, data curah hujan harian ke dasarian untuk mendapatkan data curah hujan dan data periode curah hujan selama musim hujan. Penelitian ini menggunakan software Geographic Information System (GIS) untuk membuat peta distribusi curah hujan dan di analisis menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) untuk mendeteksi perbedaan nilai tengah variabel pengamatan pada elevasi yang berbeda. Berdasarkan grafik pola hujan yang ada di pulau Flores adalah pola hujan monsunal. Hasil dari perhitungan menggunakan RAL, diperoleh nilai populasi pengamatan P1 pada ketinggian tempat (0-300 m dpl) dengan curah hujan rata-rata 851,75 mm dan periode musim hujan rata-rata 10,50 dasarian. P2 pada ketinggian tempat (301-600 m dpl) memiliki curah hujan rata-rata 1367,75 mm dan periode musimhujan rata-rata 13,75 dasarian. P3 pada ketinggian tempat (601-900 m dpl) memiliki curah hujan rata-rata 1875,25 mm dan periode musim hujan rata-rata 15,75 dasarian. P4 pada ketinggian tempat (901-1200 m dpl) memiliki curah hujan rata-rata 3164,50 mm dan periode musim hujan rata-rata 22,25 dasarian. Hal ini menunjukan ketinggian tempat memiliki pengaruh terhadap curah hujan dan periode musim hujan di pulau Flores.Kata Kunci: Pola hujan; curah hujan; periode musim hujan; Geographic Information System (GIS); Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Abstract An analysis of rainfall patterns and distribution based on altitude on the island of Flores has been done. Monthly average data to get rainfall patterns, daily to basic rainfall data to get rainfall data, and rainfall period data during the rainy season. This study used Geographic Information System (GIS) software to create rainfall distribution maps and is analyzed using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method to detect differences in mean values of observational variables at different elevations. Based on a chart of rain patterns on Flores island is a monsoonal rain pattern. The results of calculations using RAL, observational population obtained values P1 at altitude (0-300 m asl) with an average rainfall of 851.75 mm and an average rainy season period of 10.50 dasarian. P2 at altitude (301-600 m asl) has an average rainfall of 1367.75 mm and an average rainy season period of 13.75 dasarian. P3 at altitude (601-900 m above sea level) has an average rainfall of 1875.25 mm and an average rainy season period of 15.75 dasarian. P4 at altitude (901-1200 m asl) has an average rainfall of 3164.50 mm and an average rainy season period of 22.25 dasarian. This shows that altitude has an influence on rainfall and the rainy season period on Flores Island. Keywords: Rain patterns; rainfall, periods of the rainy season; Geographic Information System (GIS); Completely Randomized Design (CRD).

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Local Rainfall Variability - A Potential Bias for Bioecological Studies in the Central Amazon

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-43921984142174 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 14 (1-2) ◽

pp. 159-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Maria de Nazaré Góes Ribeiro ◽

Joachim Adis

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Rainfall Variability ◽

Dry Season ◽

Monthly Rainfall ◽

Rainfall Data ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Potential Bias ◽

Central Amazon ◽

Rainfall Patterns ◽

Local Rainfall

Rainfall data registered betwe en 1910 and 1979 at Manaus confirm the existence of a dry season between June and November (monthly rainfall: 42-162mm) and a rainy season from December until May (monthly rainfall: 211-300mm). Annual precipitation amounted to 2105mm with about 75% of the rainfall recorded during the rainy season. Rainfall data collected over 12 months at eigth stations in the vicinity of and at Manaus are compared. Annual precipitation was lower in Inundation Regions (1150-2150mm) compared with Dryland Regions (2400-2550mm). Considerable differences are found in rainfall patterns (intensity, frequency and time of rainfall). This is also truefor neighbouring stations, even if data of a 11-year record period are compared. Thus, it is highly recommended that preciptation data for bioecological studies be collected at the study site.

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