scholarly journals Chemical control of water hyacinth by some herbicides and their effect on some aquatic invertebrate

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Mirzajani ◽  
Noshin Nezamabadi ◽  
Seyed Salavatian ◽  
Siamak Bagheri ◽  
Morteza Salahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Anzali Wetland ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Glufosinate Ammonium ◽  
Bayesian Mediation

Abstract Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), regarded as one of worst aquatic weeds in the world, has been an invader in northern Iran, particularly in the Anzali Wetland. Herbicide application as a control method with respect to ecosystem health has been investigated. The effects of three herbicides, glyphosate (Roundup), Glufosinate-ammonium (Basta), and Bispyribac sodium (Nominee) were investigated on water hyacinth and on the survival of five aquatic invertebrates from the Anzali Wetland including Hemiptera, Amphipoda, Odonata, Ostracoda and Daphnia. The treatments consisted of 3 L/ha of glyphosate, 5 L/ha of Glufosinate-ammonium, and 0.3 L/ha of Bispyribac sodium. European Weed Research Council (EWRC) rating scale determining reduction of wet and dry weight of shoot was the basis of assessment to determine the effectiveness of the herbicides in the control of of water hyacinth. All herbicides were effective on water hyacinth while Roundup caused a significant reduction of shoot biomass and scored 98% on the EWRC scale. Bayesian mediation model was used to calculate total and decomposition effect of herbicides on animal groups. Based on the Bayesian mediation model, Basta showed the best performance with lowest probability of a negative effect (PEff<0=0.22). The accuracy of dosages and spraying of herbicides can be considered the most effective in inhibiting water hyacinth and the least destructive to living organisms.

scholarly journals Evidence-Based Management of the Anzali Wetland System (Northern Iran) Based on Innovative Monitoring and Modeling Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5503
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Sadeghi Pasvisheh ◽  
Marie Anne Eurie Forio ◽  
Long Tuan Ho ◽  
Peter L. M. Goethals
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Modeling ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Anzali Wetland ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Wetland System

As an “international aquatic ecosystem” in Northern Iran, the Anzali wetland is a nursery for fish and a breeding and wintering area for a wide variety of waterfowl. The wetland is threatened by human activities (deforestation, hunting, tourism, and urbanization), leading to habitat destruction, eutrophication, and sediment accumulation. To stop the degradation and to set up effective protection and restoration in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, scientific insights must be integrated into a practical framework for evidence-based support for policymakers and managers of the Anzali wetland. In this study, the Drivers–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework is used as a suitable tool to link human pressures and state changes to derive an overview of the potential impacts. Population growth, intensive agriculture, increased urbanization, and industrialization are the major driving forces that have led to a complex cascade of state changes. For instance, during recent years, water quality deterioration, habitat degradation, and the overgrowth of invasive species in the Anzali wetland watershed have caused negative socio-economic and human health impacts. Integrated and innovative monitoring programs combined with socio-environmental modeling techniques are needed for a more evidence-based management approach as part of a multiresponse strategy for the sustainable development of the wetland system. In this respect, there is a critical gap in useful information concerning biological composition and innovative monitoring methods. Moreover, the relation of biota with human activity and environmental conditions needs to be better quantified. Therefore, ecological modeling techniques based on machine learning and statistics were reviewed for their advantages and disadvantages. The overview of approaches presented here can serve as the basis for scientists, practitioners, and decision-makers to develop and implement evidence-based management programs for the Anzali wetland.

Third generation progress in breeding white clover for resistance to root-knot nematode

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 163-166
Author(s):  
J. Van den Bosch ◽  
C.F. Mercer
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Meloidogyne Sp

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp.) reduces growth and nutrition of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in New Zealand, and breeding resistant cultivars (with low galls per gram of root) is the preferred control method. Resistant and susceptible selections were bred from a wide range of white clover lines for three generations. In the third generation there were significant differences between seed lines from the selections for number of galls, root dry weight, visual growth score and galls/gram of root dry weight. Resistant selections had 43% of the susceptible selections' galls per gram, and 50% of the number of galls. Germplasm showing resistance to Meloidogyne spp. in the USA showed partial resistance to the local Meloidogyne sp. Two resistant and two susceptible genotypes were also compared for nematode egg production; resistant genotypes had a mean of 3,460 eggs/plant, compared to 25,030 for susceptible genotypes. Keywords: breeding, Meloidogyne sp., resistance, rootknot nematode, screening, selection, Trifolium repens, white clover

scholarly journals Effect of Planting Time on Canopy Structure and Biomass Production in Some Soybean Genotypes

1970 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
MK Uddin ◽  
MK Hasan ◽  
AKMA Alam
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Soybean Genotypes

A field experiment was conducted in the Field Laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany, BAU, Mymensingh during November 2003 to May 2004 to assess the effect of planting time (November and December) on some morphological structure, and root & shoot biomass production in four soybean genotypes (GPB-1, GPB-2, AGS-332 and AGS-11-35). The plant height, stem base diameter, seed dry weight plant-1 were significantly greater in the late planting crops (December) but number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1, leaves dry weight plant-1, shoots dry weight plant-1, roots dry weight plant-1, total dry matter plant-1 were also significantly greater in November planting. Highest plant height, branches plant-1 and leaves plant-1, shoot dry weight plant-1 and total dry matter were found in GPB-2 genotype. Key words: Early and late planting, shoot and root mass, Glycine max. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1453 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 25-29, June 2007

scholarly journals Contamination and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in sediments of the Anzali Wetland, Northern Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Esmaeilzadeh ◽  
Elham Mahmoudpuor ◽  
Somayeh Haghighat Ziabari ◽  
Sara Esmaeilzadeh ◽  
Hamideh Aliani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Anzali Wetland ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Quality Guidelines

Abstract In this paper, concentrations of some heavy metals in surficial sediments of the International Anzali Wetland were measured, this wetland is located in northern part of Iran. Sediment pollution levels were examined and analyzed using reliable pollution indices including Pollution Load Index (PLI), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (CF), and finally it was revealed that heavy metal pollution ranged from low to moderated loads in the wetland. According to Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) and Ecological Risk Index (ERI), it was concluded that As and Ni may have significant toxic impacts on aquatic organisms and also according to Effect Range Median (ERM), the toxicity probability of sediments in the Anzali wetland was estimated at 21%.

scholarly journals Whole-plant Response of Six Poinsettia Cultivars to Three Fertilizer and Two Irrigation Regimes

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Schuch ◽  
Richard A. Redak ◽  
James Bethke
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Leaf N

Six cultivars of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wind.), `Angelika White', `Celebrate 2', `Freedom Red', `Lilo Red', `Red Sails', and `Supjibi Red' were grown for 9 weeks during vegetative development under three constant-feed fertilizer treatments, 80,160, or 240 mg N/liter and two irrigation regimes, well-watered (high irrigation) or water deficient (low irrigation). Plants fertilized with 80 or 240 mg N/liter were 10% to 18% shorter, while those fertilized with 160 mg N/liter were 25 % shorter with low versus high irrigation. Leaf area and leaf dry weight increased linearly in response to increasing fertilizer concentrations. Low irrigation reduced leaf area, leaf, stem, and shoot dry weight 3670 to 41%. Cultivars responded similarly to irrigation and fertilizer treatments in all components of shoot biomass production and no interactions between the main effects and cultivars occurred. Stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased with increasing fertilizer rates or sometimes with low irrigation. Highest chlorophyll contents occurred in leaves of `Lilo Red' and `Freedom Red'. Leaves of plants fertilized with 80 mg N/liter were deficient in leaf N and had 40 % to 49 % lower leaf chlorophyll content compared to plants fertilized with 160 or 240 mg N/liter. Irrigation had no effect on leaf N or chlorophyll content. At the end of the experiment leaves of `Supjibi Red' and `Angelika White' contained higher concentrations of soluble proteins than the other four cultivars.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of quinoa cv. ‘Titicaca’ to low salinity conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Rodríguez-Hernández ◽  
Luna Morcillo ◽  
Idoia Garmendia
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Moderate Salinity

Abstract Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Will.) is an annual herbaceous Andean plant. In recent years there is a growing interest on it due to its high quality as food, its wide adaptation to agroecological conditions and resistance to different abiotic stresses. In this work, we evaluate the growth pattern of quinoa plants cv. ‘Titicaca’, subjected to different levels of salinity, focusing on leaf production and nutrient content. In this sense, the results have shown that a high concentration of salinity negatively affects the growth of quinoa plants. In fact, plants grown with 200 mM NaCl reduced the photosynthetic rate and levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids in comparison with the rest of the treatments. Likewise, it has been proven how the progressive increase in salinity has negative effects on transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, with significant subsequent reductions in shoot biomass, leaf area and nutrient adquisition, but without a decline in leaf dry weight (DW) production. However, the treatment of 200 mM NaCl demonstrated the best results regarding the water-use efficiency, as well as the number of saline glands. According to our results, the quinoa plant cv. ‘Titicaca’ seems to be tolerant to moderate concentrations of salinity (50–100 mM NaCl). This study could serve as a reference on this little known and cultivated species in the Mediterranean region, since it could become an alternative crop in areas with moderate salinity problems.

scholarly journals SUBSTITUSI PUPUK NPK DENGAN BOKASHI ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes) PADA PEMBIBITAN TANAMAN LADA

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Putri Aulia Rahmah ◽  
Gusti Rusmayadi ◽  
Hilda Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Soil Composition ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pepper Plants

This study aims to obtain the right composition in the use of water hyacinth bokashi that can substitute inorganic fertilizer in pepper plants. This research was carried out using polybag at plantation CV location. Gunung Putri Martapura for 4 months from January to May 2018 with experimental design of Randomized Non-Factorial Complete (RAL) with 5 treatment of plant media composition, namely: p0 = soil + 100% NPK “Mutiara” (without water hyacinth bokashi); p1 = soil: water hyacinth bokashi (3: 1 / v: v) + 75% NPK “Mutiara”; p2 = soil: water hyacinth bokashi (2: 2 / v: v) + 50% NPK “Mutiara”; p3 = soil: water hyacinth bokashi (1: 3 / v: v) + 25% NPK “Mutiara”; p4 = soil: water hyacinth bokashi (1: 3 / v: v) (without NPK “Mutiara”). Each treatment was repeated 4 times so that the entire plot of the experiment was 20 plots. Each plot consists of 5 plants so that there are 100 plants in total. Observations were made on plant height, stem diameter, the number of leaves, length of the segment, sprout age, and dry weight of the plant. Based on the result of the research, the treatment of various plant media composition has no significant effect on plant height, stem base diameter, leaf number, and dry weight of plant, but significantly affect the age of sprout and length of pepper plant so it can be concluded that water hyacinth bokashi in early the growth of pepper plants cannot substitute inorganic fertilizers but can be complimentary of inorganic fertilizers. The best cultivation plant composition treatment on pepper seedling in this study was on soil composition: water hyacinth  bokashi  (3: 1, v: v) + 75% NPK “Mutiara” and on soil composition: water hyacinth bokashi (2:2; v: v) + 50% NPK “Mutiara”.

scholarly journals Growth and Development of Stevia Cuttings During Propagation with Hormones in Different Months of the Year

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Ma Claudia Castañeda-Saucedo ◽  
Ernesto Tapia-Campos ◽  
Jessica del Pilar Ramírez-Anaya ◽  
Jaqueline Beltrán
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Hormones ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Stevia is an important non-caloric sweetener that has health-beneficial properties. The objective is to evaluate growth, development, and rooting of stevia plants during different seasons of the year using growth hormones. Eight experiments were set up in Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco, Mexico, with three treatments (T): T1, indol-3 butyric acid (IBA) 7.4 mM; T2, alphanaphthylacetamide (ANA) 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM; and T3, control. The variables evaluated were rooted plantlets, plant height, root length, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area, shoot biomass, total biomass, as well as development and growth indexes. Four samplings were conducted in each experiment. The results show that the most appropriate months for propagating stevia cuttings are February, March, April, May, and July, when 96% to 99% of the cuttings rooted. The hormones had the best results related to production of root development. The control was outstanding only in variables related to production of shoot biomass and not to root development. It is concluded that stevia can be propagated vegetatively using cuttings treated with IBA 7.4 mM or ANA 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM, preferable in the period from February to July, with the exception of June.

Influence of Two Herbicides on Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) Reproduction on Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) Roots

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Werle ◽  
Mark L. Bernards ◽  
Loren J. Giesler ◽  
John L. Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Greenhouse Study

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most yield-limiting pathogen of soybean in the United States. Henbit is a prevalent winter annual weed species in no-till fields and is reported to be an alternative host of SCN. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate how the development of SCN on henbit roots was affected by herbicide mode of action and time of herbicide application. Henbit plants were grown in watertight pots placed in a water bath bench that kept soil temperature constant (27 ± 1 C) during the study. Ten d after transplanting, pots were inoculated with approximately 1,000 SCN eggs. At 7, 14, or 21 d after inoculation (DAI), henbit plants were sprayed with recommended dose of either glyphosate (870 g ae ha−1) or 2,4-D (1,070 g ae ha−1). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications per treatment, and two experimental runs separated in time. At 28 DAI, the total number of SCN cysts and eggs, and plant shoot and root dry weight per pot were determined. Henbit root and shoot biomass increased as the time of herbicide application was delayed. Glyphosate reduced root biomass more than 2,4-D, but no differences in shoot biomass were detected. The number of SCN cysts per henbit plant and eggs per cyst increased as the herbicide application was delayed from 7 to 21 DAI. Glyphosate reduced the number of cysts found on henbit roots more than 2,4-D, especially at earlier application times. On plants treated with glyphosate, SCN-females produced only half the number of eggs of SCN-females on henbit plants treated with 2,4-D, regardless of time of application. These results indicate that early control of henbit plants, especially with glyphosate, can reduce SCN reproduction potential in SCN infested fields.

Willow colonization of Rocky Mountain mires

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom R. Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Asexual Propagation ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Sexual Propagation

Salixplanifolia Pursh ssp. planifolia and Salixmonticola Bebb are the dominant willow species of Colorado Rocky Mountain willow carrs. Extensive field observations suggest that neither of these species is capable of sexual propagation under continuous sedge cover on peat soils. Growth experiments using willow stem cuttings in pots of saturated peat soil indicate that S. planifolia produces more root biomass (p = 0.0031) and shoot biomass (p = 0.0001) than S. monticola during one summer of growth. Male 5. planifolia and female S. monticola produce more dry-weight root (p = 0.0390) and shoot (p = 0.0442) biomass than their conspecific opposite sex. A species by sex by elevation interaction is significant for root biomass (p = 0.0360). The results are suggestive that these taxa have different regeneration niches. Asexual propagation driven by beaver activity is suggested as an explanation for the dominance of s. planifolia in mires and how this species colonizes vegetated peat soils. Beaver cut and store willow stems for a winter food source. This activity provides willow fragments for asexual colonization of mires.

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