scholarly journals Methods to Test the “Dimming Effect” Produced by a Decrease in the Number of Photons Received from Receding Light Sources

Author(s):  
M. Zilberman

Abstract The hypothetical “Dimming Effect” describes the change of the number of photons arriving from a moving light source per unit of time. In non-relativistic systems, the “Dimming effect” may occur due to the growing distance of light sources moving away from the receiver. This means that due to the growing distance, the photons continuously require more time to reach the receiver, which reduces the number of received photons per time unit compared to the number of emitted photons.Understandably, the proposed “Dimming effect” must be tested (confirmed or rejected) through observations.a. This article provides the formula for the calculation of “Dimming effect” values using the redshift parameter Z widely used in astronomy.b. The “Dimming effect” can possibly be detected utilizing the orbital movement of the Earth around the Sun. In accordance to the “Dimming effect”, observers on Earth will view 1.0001 more photons per time unit emitted by stars located near the ecliptic plane in the direction of the Earth orbiting the Sun. And, in contrast, observers will view only 0.9999 photons per time unit emitted by stars located near the ecliptic plane in the direction opposite to the Earth orbiting the Sun. Calculating precise measurements of the same stars within a 6-month period can possibly detect this difference. These changes in brightness are not only for specific stars, as the change in brightness takes place for all stars near the ecliptic in the direction of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun and in the opposite direction.c. The “Dimming effect” can possibly be detected in a physics laboratory using a moving light source (or mirror) and photon counters located in the direction of travel and in the opposite direction.d. In theory, Dilation of time can also be used for testing the existence of the “Dimming effect.” However, in experiments on Earth this effect appears in only the 14th digit after the decimal point and testing does not appear to be feasible.e. Why is it important to test the “Dimming effect?”* If confirmed, it would allow astronomers to adjust values of "Standard Candles" used in astronomy. Since “Standard Candles” are critical in various cosmological models, the “Dimming effect” can correct models and/or reveal and support new models.* If it is proved that the “Dimming effect” does not exist, it will mean that the number of photons arriving per unit of time does not depend on the speed of the light source and observer, which is not so apparent.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Zilberman

The hypothetical “Dimming Effect” describes the change of the number of photons arriving from a moving light source per unit of time. In non-relativistic systems, the “Dimming effect” may occur due to the growing distance of light sources moving away from the receiver. This means that due to the growing distance, the photons continuously require more time to reach the receiver, which reduces the number of received photons per time unit compared to the number of emitted photons. Understandably, the proposed “Dimming effect” must be tested (confirmed or rejected) through observations. a. This article provides the formula for the calculation of “Dimming effect” values using the redshift parameter Z widely used in astronomy. b. The “Dimming effect” can possibly be detected utilizing the orbital movement of the Earth around the Sun. In accordance to the “Dimming effect”, observers on Earth will view 1.0001 more photons per time unit emitted by stars located near the ecliptic plane in the direction of the Earth orbiting the Sun. And, in contrast, observers will view only 0.9999 photons per time unit emitted by stars located near the ecliptic plane in the direction opposite to the Earth orbiting the Sun. Calculating precise measurements of the same stars within a 6-month period can possibly detect this difference. These changes in brightness are not only for specific stars, as the change in brightness takes place for all stars near the ecliptic in the direction of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun and in the opposite direction. c. The “Dimming effect” can possibly be detected in a physics laboratory using a moving light source (or mirror) and photon counters located in the direction of travel and in the opposite direction. d. In theory, Dilation of time can also be used for testing the existence of the “Dimming effect.” However, in experiments on Earth this effect appears in only the 14th digit after the decimal point and testing does not appear to be feasible. e. Why is it important to test the “Dimming effect?” If confirmed, it would allow astronomers to adjust values of "Standard Candles" used in astronomy. Since “Standard Candles” are critical in various cosmological models, the “Dimming effect” can correct models and/or reveal and support new models. If it is proved that the “Dimming effect” does not exist, it will mean that the number of photons arriving per unit of time does not depend on the speed of the light source and observer, which is not so apparent.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Zilberman ◽  

The hypothetical “Dimming effect” describes the change of the number of photons arriving from a receding light source per unit of time. In non-relativistic systems,the "Dimming effect" occurs due to the fact that as light sources move away, the distance between the emitter and the receiver constantly increases, and the photons always take longer to reach the receiver. This reduces the number of photons received per time unit compared to the number of emitted photons per time unit. Negligible for speeds incomparable with the speed of light c, the "Dimming effect" can be very significant for speeds above 0.1c. “Dimming effect” can possibly be tested in a physics labor-atory using a moving light source (or mirror) and photon counters located in the travel direction and in opposite direction. It can possibly also be tested utilizing the orbital movement of the Earth around the Sun. If confirmed, “Dimming effect” would allow astronomers to adjust values of the "Standard Candles", which are critical in cosmological models. Absence of “Dimming effect” will mean that the number of photons arriving per time unit does not depend on the relative speed of light source and observer,which is not so apparent


1879 ◽  
Vol 29 (196-199) ◽  
pp. 166-168

In a recent communication to the Royal Society, Mr. Lockyer has criticised our statement of Young’s wave-length identifications of certain chromospheric lines. As to the wave-length, we have throughout our table omitted all figures after the decimal point merely for the sake of not cumbering the table. The numbers, Young tells us, are not his own, but taken from Ǻngström’s catalogue. Moreover, as to Young’s identifications with metallic lines, he states expressly that they were taken from the maps of Kirchhoff, Ǻngström, and Thalén, and Watts’s “Index of Spectra.” But our object was not to criticise Young’s work, but only to use it for the purpose of comparing the behaviour of certain metals on the earth and in the sun, and the conditions under which certain lines appear, or do not appear, or are reversed.


2004 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Castellano ◽  
L. Doyle ◽  
D. McIntosh

The recent photometric detection of planetary transits of the solar-like star HD 209458 at a distance of 47 parsecs suggest that transits can reveal the presence of Jupiter-size planetary companions in the solar neighborhood (Charbonneau et al. 2000; Henry et al. 2000). Recent space-based transit searches have achieved photometric precision within an order of magnitude of that required to detect the much smaller transit signal of an earth-size planet across a solar-size star. Laboratory experiments in the presence of realistic noise sources have shown that CCDs can achieve photometric precision adequate to detect the 9.6 E-5 dimming of the Sun due to a transit of the Earth (Borucki et al. 1997; Koch et al. 2000). Space-based solar irradiance monitoring has shown that the intrinsic variability of the Sun would not preclude such a detection (Borucki, Scargle, Hudson 1985). Transits of the Sun by the Earth would be detectable by observers that reside within a narrow band of sky positions near the ecliptic plane, if the observers possess current Earth epoch levels of technology and astronomical expertise. A catalog of solar-like stars that satisfy the geometric condition for Earth transit visibility are presented.


1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Herzberg

The differences between the wavelengths at the solar limb and at the center of the disk have been measured for lines of Fe I, Si I, and Ca II in the λ8500 Å and λ8900 Å regions of the spectrum. The values of the limb–center displacements (in km/sec) of the Fe I lines in the two wavelength regions studied are found to be the same as those obtained by M. G. Adam for neutral metal lines at λ6100 Å. The limb–center displacements of the Si I lines are similar in magnitude and in the same direction as those of Fe I. Although the data are insufficient to decide the question as to term dependence of the solar wavelength shifts of Si I, any relation to the shifts observed in a laboratory light source can be excluded. For the Ca II lines at λ8500 Å and λ8900 Å, corresponding to two different transitions, the limb–center displacements differ from each other both in magnitude and in direction. The limb–center displacements of the λ8900 Å Ca II lines are smaller than those of the Fe I lines, while those of the λ8500 Å Ca II lines are significantly larger and in direction opposite to those observed for lines of Fe I.Where possible, comparison has been made between the wavelengths observed at limb and center of the disk and the solar wavelengths predicted by General Relativity Theory. In all cases the wavelengths at the limb were found to be closer to the predicted values than the wavelengths measured at the center of the disk. While for the lines of Fe I the predicted solar wavelengths and those observed near the limb (r/R = 0.982) are in good agreement, the wavelengths close to the solar limb of the λ8500 Å Ca II lines are found to be significantly larger than those predicted by relativity theory.


1986 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
M. Moons

Very accurate theories of the libration of the Moon have been recently built by Migus (1980), Eckhardt (1981, 1982) and Moons (1982, 1984). All of them take into account the perturbation due to the Earth and the Sun on the motion of a rigid Moon about its center of mass. Additional perturbations (influence of the planets, shape of the Earth, elasticity of the Moon, …) are also often included.We present here the perturbations due to the shape of the Earth and the motion of the ecliptic plane on our theory which already contains planetary perturbations. This theory is completely analytical with respect to the harmonic coefficients of the lunar gravity field which is expanded in spherical harmonics up to the fourth order. The ELP 2000 solution (Chapront and Chapront-Touzé, 1983) supplies us with the motion of the center of mass of the Moon.


Author(s):  
AslıPınar Tan

Based on measured astronomical position data of heavenly objects in the Solar System and other planetary systems, all bodies in space seem to move in some kind of elliptical motion with respect to each other. According to Kepler’s 1st Law, “orbit of a planet with respect to the Sun is an ellipse, with the Sun at one of the two foci.” Orbit of the Moon with respect to Earth is also distinctly elliptical, but this ellipse has a varying eccentricity as the Moon comes closer to and goes farther away from the Earth in a harmonic style along a full cycle of this ellipse. In this paper, our research results are summarized, where it is first mathematically shown that the “distance between points around any two different circles in three dimensional space” is equivalent to the “distance of points around a vector ellipse to another fixed or moving point, as in two dimensional space”. What is done is equivalent to showing that bodies moving on two different circular orbits in space vector wise behave as if moving on an elliptical path with respect to each other, and virtually seeing each other as positioned at an instantaneously stationary point in space on their relative ecliptic plane, whether they are moving with the same angular velocity, or different but fixed angular velocities, or even with different and changing angular velocities with respect to their own centers of revolution. This mathematical revelation has the potential to lead to far reaching discoveries in physics, enabling more insight into forces of nature, with a formulation of a new fundamental model regarding the motions of bodies in the Universe, including the Sun, Planets, and Satellites in the Solar System and elsewhere, as well as at particle and subatomic level. Based on the demonstrated mathematical analysis, as they exhibit almost fixed elliptic orbits relative to one another over time, the assertion is made that the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon must each be revolving in their individual circular orbits of revolution in space. With this expectation, individual orbital parameters of the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon are calculated based on observed Earth to Sun and Earth to Moon distance data, also using analytical methods developed as part of this research to an approximation. This calculation and analysis process have revealed additional results aligned with observation, and this also supports our assertion that the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon must actually be revolving in individual circular orbits.


The force of gravity of the sun on the earth, when the axis of the earth is found at a specific angle towards the sun in the summer and the winter, moves the earth’s mantle, including the axis of the earth’s rotation. This force is the main thing that changes the location of the axis of the earth’s rotation on the mantle of the earth and, to a minor extent or not at all, causes a change in the angle of the earth’s rotation in relation to the sun, and to the earth’s ecliptic plane.


1961 ◽  
Vol 65 (606) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
S. W. Greenwood

The ecliptic plane is the plane of the orbit of the Earth round the Sun. In a previous note the velocity requirements were examined for conventional rocket vehicles to enter reconnaissance orbits around the Sun in this plane.Departure from the ecliptic plane obviously involves an increase in the velocity requirement. To some extent, all interplanetry voyages necessitate such motion, as the planets lie in planes inclined to the ecliptic. In this note, the extreme case of entry into orbits normal to the ecliptic will be considered.


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