scholarly journals Hotspots of female genital mutilation/cutting and associated factors among girls in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfahun Taddege Geremew ◽  
Muluken Azage ◽  
Endalkachew Worku
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice that violates the human rights of girls and women. It is widely practiced mainly in Africa including Ethiopia. There are a number of studies on the prevalence of FGM/C in Ethiopia. However, little has been devoted to its spatial epidemiology and associated factors. Hence, this study aimed to explore the spatial pattern and factors affecting FGM/C among girls in Ethiopia.Methods: A further analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data was conducted, and a total of 6,985 girls nested in 603 enumeration areas were included. Moran's I statistic was employed to test the spatial autocorrelation, and Getis-Ord Gi* as well as Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistics were used to detect spatial clusters of FGM/C. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to identify individual and community level factors affecting FGM/C.Results: Spatial clustering of FGM/C was observed (Moran’s I=0.31, p-value < 0.01), and eight significant clusters of FGM/C were detected. The most likely primary cluster was detected in the neighborhood areas of Amhara, Afar, Tigray and Oromia regions (LLR = 279.0, p< 0.01), the secondary cluster in Tigray region (LLR=67.3, p<0.01), and the third cluster in Somali region (LLR=55.5, P<0.01). In About 83% variation in the odds of FGM/C was attributed to both individual and community level factors. At individual level, older maternal age, higher number of living children, maternal circumcision, perceived believes as FGM/C is required by religion, and supporting the continuation of FGM/C practice were factors to increase the odds of FGM/C, whereas, secondary/higher maternal education, better household wealth, and media exposure were factors decreasing the odds of FGM/C. Place of residency, Region and Ethnicity were the community level factors associated with FGM/C.Conclusions: Spatial clustering of FGM/C among girls was observed, and FGM/C hotspots were detected in Afar, Amhara, Tigray, BenishangulGumuz, Oromia, SNNPR and Somali regions including Dire Dawa Town. Both individual and community level factors play a significant role in the practice of FGM/C. Hence, FGM/C hotspots require priority interventions, and it is also better to consider both individual and community level factors.

scholarly journals Hotspots of female genital mutilation/cutting and associated factors among girls in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfahun Taddege Geremew ◽  
Muluken Azage ◽  
Endalkachew Worku
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice that violates the human rights of girls and women. It is widely practiced mainly in Africa including Ethiopia. There are a number of studies on the prevalence of FGM/C in Ethiopia. However, little has been devoted to its spatial epidemiology and associated factors. Hence, this study aimed to explore the spatial pattern and factors affecting FGM/C among girls in Ethiopia. Methods : A further analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data was conducted, and a total of 6,985 girls nested in 603 enumeration areas were included. Moran's I statistic was employed to test the spatial autocorrelation, and Getis-Ord Gi* as well as Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistics were used to detect spatial clusters of FGM/C. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to identify individual and community level factors affecting FGM/C. Results : Spatial clustering of FGM/C was observed (Moran’s I=0.31, p-value < 0.01), and eight significant clusters of FGM/C were detected. The most likely primary cluster was detected in the neighborhood areas of Amhara, Afar, Tigray and Oromia regions (LLR = 279.0, p< 0.01), the secondary cluster in Tigray region (LLR=67.3, p<0.01), and the third cluster in Somali region (LLR=55.5, P<0.01). In About 83% variation in the odds of FGM/C was attributed to both individual and community level factors. At individual level, older maternal age, higher number of living children, maternal circumcision, perceived believes as FGM/C is required by religion, and supporting the continuation of FGM/C practice were factors to increase the odds of FGM/C, whereas, secondary/higher maternal education, better household wealth, and media exposure were factors decreasing the odds of FGM/C. Place of residency, Region and Ethnicity were the community level factors associated with FGM/C. Conclusions: Spatial clustering of FGM/C among girls was observed, and FGM/C hotspots were detected in Afar, Amhara, Tigray, BenishangulGumuz, Oromia, SNNPR and Somali regions including Dire Dawa Town. Both individual and community level factors play a significant role in the practice of FGM/C. Hence, FGM/C hotspots require priority interventions, and it is also better to consider both individual and community level factors.

scholarly journals Hotspots of female genital mutilation/cutting and associated factors among girls in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfahun Taddege Geremew ◽  
Muluken Azage ◽  
Endalkachew Worku Mengesha
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice that violates the human rights of girls and women. It is widely practiced mainly in Africa including Ethiopia. There are a number of studies on the prevalence of FGM/C in Ethiopia. However, little has been devoted to its spatial epidemiology and associated factors. Hence, this study aimed to explore the spatial pattern and factors affecting FGM/C among girls in Ethiopia. Methods A further analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data was conducted, and a total of 6985 girls nested in 603 enumeration areas were included in this analysis. Global Moran’s I statistic was employed to test the spatial autocorrelation, and Getis-Ord Gi* as well as Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistics were used to detect spatial clusters of FGM/C. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to identify individual and community level factors affecting FGM/C. Results Spatial clustering of FGM/C was observed (Moran’s I = 0.31, p-value < 0.01), and eight significant clusters of FGM/C (hotspots) were detected. The most likely primary SaTScan cluster was detected in the neighborhood areas of Amhara, Afar, Tigray and Oromia regions (LLR = 279.0, p < 0.01), the secondary cluster in Tigray region (LLR = 67.3, p < 0.01), and the third cluster in Somali region (LLR = 55.5, P < 0.01). In the final best fit model, about 83% variation in the odds of FGM/C was attributed to both individual and community level factors. At individual level, older maternal age, higher number of living children, maternal circumcision, perceived beliefs as FGM/C are required by religion, and supporting the continuation of FGM/C practice were factors to increase the odds of FGM/C, whereas, secondary or higher maternal education, better household wealth, and regular media exposure were factors decreasing the odds of FGM/C. Place of residency, Region and Ethnicity were also among the community level factors associated with FGM/C. Conclusions In this study, spatial clustering of FGM/C among girls was observed in Ethiopia, and FGM/C hotspots were detected in Afar, Amhara, Tigray, Benishangul Gumuz, Oromia, SNNPR and Somali regions including Dire Dawa Town. Both individual and community level factors play a significant role in the practice of FGM/C. Hence, FGM/C hotspots require priority interventions, and it is also better if the targeted interventions consider both individual and community level factors.

scholarly journals Geographical variations and associated factors of defaulting from immunization among children aged 12 to 23 months in Ethiopia: using spatial and multilevel analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukemil Awol ◽  
Zewdie Aderaw Alemu ◽  
Nurilign Abebe Moges ◽  
Kemal Jemal
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Global Moran’S I

Abstract Background In Ethiopia, despite the considerable improvement in immunization coverage, the burden of defaulting from immunization among children is still high with marked variation among regions. However, the geographical variation and contextual factors of defaulting from immunization were poorly understood. Hence, this study aimed to identify the spatial pattern and associated factors of defaulting from immunization. Methods An in-depth analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS 2016) data was used. A total of 1638 children nested in 552 enumeration areas (EAs) were included in the analysis. Global Moran’s I statistic and Bernoulli purely spatial scan statistics were employed to identify geographical patterns and detect spatial clusters of defaulting immunization, respectively. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with defaulting immunization. A p value < 0.05 was used to identify significantly associated factors with defaulting of child immunization. Results A spatial heterogeneity of defaulting from immunization was observed (Global Moran’s I = 0.386379, p value < 0.001), and four significant SaTScan clusters of areas with high defaulting from immunization were detected. The most likely primary SaTScan cluster was seen in the Somali region, and secondary clusters were detected in (Afar, South Nation Nationality of people (SNNP), Oromiya, Amhara, and Gambella) regions. In the final model of the multilevel analysis, individual and community level factors accounted for 56.4% of the variance in the odds of defaulting immunization. Children from mothers who had no formal education (AOR = 4.23; 95% CI: 117, 15.78), and children living in Afar, Oromiya, Somali, SNNP, Gambella, and Harari regions had higher odds of having defaulted immunization from community level. Conclusions A clustered pattern of areas with high default of immunization was observed in Ethiopia. Both the individual and community-level characteristics were statistically significant factors of defaulting immunization. Therefore, the Federal Ethiopian Ministry of Health should prioritize the areas with defaulting of immunization and consider the identified factors for immunization interventions.

Female Genital Mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan: Description and Associated Factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 537-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozhgar A. Saleem ◽  
Nasih Othman ◽  
Fattah H. Fattah ◽  
Luma Hazim ◽  
Berivan Adnan
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
Female Genital

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated factors of Female Genital Mutilation among reproductive age women’s of Wolayita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
pp. 091-098
Author(s):  
Anjulo Bargude Balta ◽  
Lambebo Amanuel Fanta
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Genital

Background: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is estimated to have been practiced on at least 200 million girls and women in 30 countries around the world. Clitoridoctomy is the most common type of FGM in Ethiopia. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of Female Genital Mutilation and associated factors among women’s of Wolayita zone. Methods: A community-based quantitative cross-sectional study was used. Face-to-face interviews with prepared questionnaires were used to collect data. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyze the data. The prevalence of FGM was determined using descriptive statistics. The researchers utilized a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model to find independent determinants of FGM. Result: 296 women were undergone FGM out of a total of 333, indicating that FGM is prevalent in the research area (88.9%). Age (AOR-1.86, 95% CI: 0.42-0.98) and support to reduce sexual due to hyperactivity (AOR: 14.595, 95% CI: 3.391-6.807) were all independently linked to FGM. Conclusion: An integrated effort administrative and surrounding community intervention to be initiated to alleviate FGM practices through empowering women, discouraging risky factors like traditions; and sensitizing parents, community members and the public focusing on the rejecting of FGM.

scholarly journals Hierarchical modelling of factors associated with the practice and perpetuation of female genital mutilation in the next generation of women in Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250411
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
Imran Oludare Morhason-Bello ◽  
Yusuf Olushola Kareem ◽  
Erhabor Sunday Idemudia
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Future Burden ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Female Genital

Despite a total prohibition on the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), young girls continue to be victims in some African countries. There is a paucity of data on the effect of FGM practice in two generations in Africa. This study assessed the current practice of daughters’ FGM among women living in 14 FGM-prone countries in Africa as a proxy to assess the future burden of FGM in the continent. We used Demographic and Health Surveys data collected between 2010 and 2018 from 14 African countries. We analyzed information on 93,063 women-daughter pair (Level 1) from 8,396 communities (Level 2) from the 14 countries (Level 3). We fitted hierarchical multivariable binomial logistic regression models using the MLWin 3.03 module in Stata version 16 at p<0.05. The overall prevalence of FGM among mothers and their daughters was 60.0% and 21.7%, respectively, corresponding to 63.8% reduction in the mother-daughter ratio of FGM. The prevalence of FGM among daughters in Togo and Tanzania were less than one per cent, 48.6% in Guinea, with the highest prevalence of 78.3% found in Mali. The percentage reduction in mother-daughter FGM ratio was highest in Tanzania (96.7%) and Togo (94.2%), compared with 10.0% in Niger, 15.0% in Nigeria and 15.9% in Mali. Prevalence of daughters’ FGM among women with and without FGM was 34.0% and 3.1% respectively. The risk of mothers having FGM for their daughters was significantly associated with maternal age, educational status, religion, household wealth quintiles, place of residence, community unemployment and community poverty. The country and community where the women lived explained about 57% and 42% of the total variation in FGM procurement for daughters. Procurement of FGM for the daughters of the present generation of mothers in Africa is common, mainly, among those from low social, poorer, rural and less educated women. We advocate for more context-specific studies to fully assess the role of each of the identified risk factors and design sustainable intervention towards the elimination of FGM in Africa.

scholarly journals Female Genital Mutilation in Benin: Prevalence and Associated Factors Based on Data from the Demographic and Health Survey, 2011-2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Alphonse Kpozehouen ◽  
Yolaine Glele Ahanhanzo ◽  
Elvyre Klikpo ◽  
Colette Azandjame ◽  
Alphonse Chabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Genital

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated factors of Female genital mutilation among reproductive age women’s of Damot Gale woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study, 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bargude Balta Anjulo ◽  
Amanuel Fanta Lambebo
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is estimated to have been practiced on at least 200 million girls and women in 30 countries around the world. Clitoridoctomy is the most common type of FGM in Ethiopia.Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of Female Genital Mutilation and associated factors among women’s in Damot Gale Woreda of Wolayita zone.Methods: A quantitative community-based cross-sectional study was used. Face-to-face interviews with prepared questionnaires were used to collect data. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyze the data. The prevalence of FGM was determined using descriptive statistics. The researchers utilized a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model to find independent determinants of FGM.Result: 296 women were circumcised out of a total of 333, indicating that FGM is prevalent in the research area (88.9%). Mother education (AOR: 0.454, 95% CI: 0.209-0.984), age (AOR-1.86, 95% CI: 0.42-0.98)), knowledge that FGM causes health problems (AOR: 0.356, 95% CI: 0.145-0.877), and support for tradition (AOR: 14.595, 95% CI: 3.391-6.807) were all independently linked to FGM.Conclusion: Prevalence of FGM was associated with age, education, Knowledge of health problems and Tradition.

Prevalence of and factors affecting female genital mutilation among schoolgirls in Eastern Sudan

2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel Aziem A. Ali ◽  
Amira Okud ◽  
Abdalla A. Mohammed ◽  
Mutaz A. Abdelhadi
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Eastern Sudan ◽  
Female Genital

scholarly journals Female Genital Mutilation in Nigeria: A Persisting Challenge for Women’s Rights

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Sanni Yaya ◽  
Bishwajit Ghose
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Traditional Practitioners ◽  
Female Genital

Although considered a violation of human rights, female genital mutilation (FGM) is a commonly accepted practice in Nigeria in the ritual and sociocultural context of the population. In recent years, there have been strong policy actions by Nigerian legislature to curb this practice. Despite that, FGM continues to be a widespread phenomenon. In this study, we aimed to report on the prevalence of FGM, women’s attitude towards this practice, and its association with selected sociodemographic factors. Methods: Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2003, 2008 and 2013 provided the data for this study. The participants were married women aged between 15 and 49 years. Owing to the clustered nature of the data, a complex survey plan was created to account for cluster effects and sampling weights. Data were analysed using bivariate and multivariate regression techniques. Results: Overall prevalence of FGM was 38.9% (95% CI = 36.4–40.1), and that among their daughters was 17.4% (95% CI = 15.3–19.7). There has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of FGM in 2013 compared to its 2003 level. Respondents who had undergone circumcision were more likely to have their daughters circumcised. In all three surveys, almost all of the circumcisions were performed by traditional practitioners. In the regression analysis, respondent’s age, area and region of residency, religious affiliation, educational status, and household wealth appeared to be significant predictors of FGM. Conclusion: In Nigeria, FGM remains a widely prevalent phenomenon with an increasing number of women experiencing this practice. Important regional and socioeconomic disparities were observed in the prevalence which merit urgent policy attention.

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