Productivity losses due to diabetes in urban and rural China

Abstract Objective: To provide the first estimates of the cost of productivity losses attributed to diabetes age 20-69 years old in urban and rural areas of China. Methods: Construct through life table modelling, expectancy life of diabetes sufferers, including the years of potential life lost and working years of life lost. Using the human capital approach, we measured the productivity losses attributed to absenteeism, presenteeism, labor force dropout and premature deaths due to diabetes of the population aged 20-69 years in urban and rural areas in China. Results: In 2017, we estimated that there were 100.46 million diabetes lost hours, with the total cost of productivity losses US$613.60 billion, comprising US$326.40 billion from labor force dropout, US$186.34 billion from premature death, US$97.71 billion from absenteeism, and US$27.04 billion from presenteeism. Productivity loss was greater in urban (US$490.79 billion) than rural areas (US$122.81 billion), with urban presenteeism (US$2.54 billion) greater than rural presenteeism (US$608.55 million); urban absenteeism (US$79.10 billion) greater than rural absenteeism (US$18.61 billion); urban labour force dropout (US$261.24 billion) greater than rural labour force dropout (US$65.15 billion) and urban premature death (US$147.90 billion) greater than rural premature death (US$38.44 billion). Conclusions: Diabetes had a large and significant negatively impact on productivity in urban and rural in China, with a significant gap in the level of diabetes management in urban compared to rural regions. Productivity loss was significantly higher in urban than rural regions. Further investment is required in the prevention, diagnosis and control of diabetes in under-resourced health services in rural locations and also in urban areas, where most diabetes cases reside. Specifically, targeted and effective diabetes prevention and management actions are urgently required.

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The Rural-Urban Continuum of Polarization: Understanding the Geography of the 2018 Midterms

The Forum ◽

10.1515/for-2020-2102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Kenneth M. Johnson ◽

Dante J. Scala

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Metropolitan Areas ◽

Political Attitudes ◽

The United States ◽

Rural America ◽

Rural Regions ◽

Urban America ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Continuum

Abstract This study of the 2018 congressional midterms demonstrates how voting patterns and political attitudes vary across a spectrum of urban and rural areas in the United States. Rural America is no more a monolith than is urban America. The rural-urban gradient is better represented by a continuum than a dichotomy. This is evident in the voting results in 2018, just as it was in 2016. We found that the political tipping point lies beyond major metropolitan areas, in the suburban counties of smaller metropolitan areas. Democrats enjoyed even greater success in densely populated urban areas in 2018 than in 2016. Residents of these urban areas display distinctive and consistent social and political attitudes across a range of scales. At the other end of the continuum in remote rural areas, Republican candidates continued to command voter support despite the challenging national political environment. Voters in these rural regions expressed social and political attitudes diametrically opposed to their counterparts in large urban cores.

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The metodical approaches to analysis of sustainable regional development with a focus on agritourism

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200654030159 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 159-166

Author(s):

Barbora Kysilková ◽

Helena Pavlíčková

Keyword(s):

Regional Development ◽

Transition Economies ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Labour Force ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Social Dimension ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Rural Regions ◽

Wide Range ◽

Sustainable Regional Development

Economies in rural regions are characterised by a wide range of economic activities and that in 1990 even in the most rural regions of economically developed countries the agricultural sector accounted for less than 20% of regional labour force (OECD). Non-agricultural activities become dominant in rural regions. Among others, rural tourism and agri-tourism belong to the most frequent types of these activities in rural areas. However prerequisites and conditions for sustainable regional development and rural and agri-tourism differ between countries economy with long tradition of market economy and countries with transition economies. There are many factors behind this difference, when intensive character of agricultural production even in less favourite areas, which was typical for these areas in transition economies still a few years ago, is one of decisive.The article addresses the problem of evaluation of sustainable regional development and evaluation of rural and agritourism in the context of various world regions. The three dimensions of sustainable development, the environmental, the economic and the social dimension are equally important and should not be ranked or separated.Indicator systems and evaluation methods have the potential to play a significant role in the decision making process at a regional level. They can form the basic information that is necessary to allow strategic planning as well as informed participatory processes for the decision among different pathways into the future.

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The Uneven Perils of Unemployment and Underemployment: The Role of Employment Structure in explaining Rural-Urban Poverty Differences, 1970-2018.

10.31235/osf.io/a9qex ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew M Brooks

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Poverty ◽

Group Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Poverty Rate ◽

Employment Structure ◽

Discouraged Workers ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

There has been a persistent gap in the poverty rate between urban and rural areas of the United States. Much of this gap has be attributed to industrial composition, however employment composition also likely plays a key role. Underemployment and labor force non-participation have been become significant issues in rural areas. This study uses data from the Current Population Survey for 1970 to 2018 to understand how poverty rates among 6 employment groups —(1) not in the labor force, (2) discouraged workers, (3) unemployed workers, (4) low hours workers, (5) low income workers, and (6) adequately employed workers— can explain the persistent gap in poverty between urban and rural areas. Demographic standardization and decomposition techniques reveal that majority of the poverty gap is explained by differences in poverty rates for the employment groups. Rural individuals in all employment group have higher poverty rates than urban individuals in the same group. Analysis also shows that if rural America had either the employment structure or the employment specific poverty rates of urban America than poverty rates would be much lower in rural areas.

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The trends of mortality and years of life lost of cancers in urban and rural areas in China, 1990‐2017

Cancer Medicine ◽

10.1002/cam4.2765 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1562-1571

Author(s):

Xingzu Cen ◽

Dongming Wang ◽

Weiwei Sun ◽

Limin Cao ◽

Zhuang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

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A comparative study on indirect costs of suicide in Portugal: productivity loss as an additional way to approach healthcare prioritization

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckab120.096 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

J Neto ◽

C Carvalho ◽

P Almeida

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

Productivity Loss ◽

Malignant Neoplasm ◽

Health Resources ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Premature Death ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

National Priority ◽

Lost Productivity

Abstract Background Suicide and voluntary self-harm (SVSA) accounted for 0.95% of all deaths in Portugal in 2017. Economic evaluation includes indirect costs analysis, relating to Years of Life Lost (YLL) and premature death. This study aimed to estimate and compare the indirect costs from loss of productivity due to SVSA and 12 other causes of death in 2017. Methods YLL were adapted to the working age (18–66 years-old) ‘Years of Productivity Lost’ (YPL) adjusting the groups 15–19 years-old and under, and disregarding the ages over 66 years-old. The causes of death were based on the European Shortlist. The loss of productivity from deaths was estimated from the YPL and the ‘Apparent Productivity of Work’, with an annual discount rate of 3%, translated into % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2017. The calculations were performed for the SVSA and for 12 causes of death selected from national Priority Health Programs. The INE and Pordata databases for the year 2017 were used. Calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel for Office 365 software version 2102. Results The estimated costs from loss of productivity by SLAV deaths in 2017 represented approximately 0.16% of GDP. It is the third highest among the 13 causes of death analyzed, ranking behind malignant neoplasm of larynx/trachea/bronchi/lung and ischaemic heart disease. Conclusions Prioritization of health resources may benefit by integrating lost productivity concepts with other indicators. Limitations include predictable increase of retirement age in the future and the oversimplified calculation of productivity costs. Future studies may include sensitivity assessments and other relevant variables.

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The Energy Situation in Central Asia: A Comprehensive Energy Review Focusing on Rural Areas

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14102805 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2805

Author(s):

Kedar Mehta ◽

Mathias Ehrenwirth ◽

Christoph Trinkl ◽

Wilfried Zörner ◽

Rick Greenough

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽

Hot Water ◽

Residential Energy ◽

Rural Regions ◽

Available Energy ◽

Central Asian ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The northern part of the globe is dominated by industrialisation and is well-developed. For many years, the southern part of the world (South Asia, Africa etc.) has been a target of research concentrating on access to energy (mainly electricity) in rural regions. However, the Central Asian region has not been a focus of energy research compared to South East Asia and Africa. Despite plentiful domestically available energy resources, the energy supply in Central Asia is very unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas. Almost half of the total population of Central Asia lives in rural areas and there is a lack of access to modern energy services to meet primary needs. To analyse the energy situation (i.e., electricity, heating, hot water consumption, cooking, etc.) in rural Central Asia, this paper reviews residential energy consumption trends in rural Central Asian regions as compared to urban areas. Furthermore, the paper illustrates the potential of renewable energies in Central Asia. To perform the study, a qualitative comparative analysis was conducted based on a literature review, data, and statistical information. In summary, the presented article discusses the rural energy situation analytically and provides in-depth insights of Central Asian energy infrastructure.

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Impact of change orders on construction productivity

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l91-059 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 484-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Osama Moselhi ◽

Charles Leonard ◽

Paul Fazio

Keyword(s):

Construction Projects ◽

Labour Force ◽

Productivity Loss ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Productivity Change ◽

Change Orders ◽

Construction Productivity ◽

Productivity Losses ◽

Quantitative Results ◽

The Cost

In construction projects it is virtually certain that there will be changes made during the course of the work, and that the owner (or design professional) and the contractor will seldom agree on the cost and schedule impact of the changes. This is particularly so on fast track construction, where design and construction are overlapped to accelerate the delivery of projects. Without a doubt, the most contentious area of impact of change orders is their effect on the productivity of the contractor's labour force. This paper presents the quantitative results of a comprehensive field investigation using 90 cases drawn from 57 different construction projects to identify the effects of change orders on productivity. The results indicate a significant direct correlation between the labour component of change orders and the loss of productivity, for both civil/architectural and electrical/mechanical works. These losses are exacerbated by the added presence of other major causes of productivity losses such as acceleration and inadequate scheduling and coordination. Regression models are developed for the direct estimation of productivity losses due to change orders, incurred both independently and in conjunction with other major causes of productivity loss. Key words: construction, productivity, change orders, contemplated changes, impact cost, quantitative models.

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SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DI INDONESIA; ANALISIS DATA SENSUS

Populasi ◽

10.22146/jp.10808 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tadjuddin Noer Effendi

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Human Resource ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Educational Facilities ◽

Low Level ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The aim of this paper is to analyse the quality of human resource in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. By using labor utilisation approach this study shows that although the education of labor force has increased along with the spread of educational facilities, there is a tendency that educated unemployment and underemployment are not decreased. This suggests that quite a highproportion of labor is underutilized. This reflects that technology and skill of labor are low which determine the low level of humanresource quality.

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The Impact of Diabetes on Productivity in India

10.2337/figshare.16677592 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Khyati K Banker ◽

Danny Liew ◽

Zanfina Ademi ◽

Alice J Owen ◽

Afsana Afroz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Labour Force ◽

Productivity Loss ◽

Work Productivity ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Retirement Age ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Life Years ◽

Working Age ◽

The Impact ◽

Excess Deaths

OBJECTIVE Diabetes increases the risk of premature mortality and considerably impacts on work productivity. We sought to examine the impact of diabetes in India, in terms of excess premature mortality, years of life lost (YLL), productivity-adjusted life years (PALYs) lost and its associated economic impact. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A lifetable model was constructed to examine the productivity of the Indian working-age population currently aged 20–59 years with diabetes, until death or retirement age (60 years). The same cohort was re-simulated, hypothetically assuming that they did not have diabetes. The total difference between the two cohorts, in terms of excess deaths, YLL and PALYs lost reflected the impact of diabetes. Data regarding the prevalence of diabetes, mortality, labour force dropouts and productivity loss attributable to diabetes were derived from published sources. RESULTS In 2017, an estimated 54.4 million (7.6%) people of working-age in India had diabetes. With simulated follow-up until death or retirement age, diabetes was predicted to cause 8.5 million excess deaths (62.7% of all deaths), 42.7 million YLL (7.4% of total estimated years of life lived) and 89.0 million PALYs lost (23.3% of total estimated PALYs), equating to an estimated INR 176.6 trillion (USD 2.6 trillion; PPP 9.8 trillion) in lost GDP<a>. </a> CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the impact of diabetes on productivity loss and highlights the importance of health strategies aimed at the prevention of diabetes.

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