scholarly journals Possible Causes of Gender Differences in COVID-19 Infection Rate and Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
can liu ◽  
Renwang Hu ◽  
Yongqiang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Tumor Patients ◽  
Significant Differential Expression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Nsp1 Gene ◽  
Tumor Tissues

Abstract Purpose To study the causes of gender differences in infection rate and mortality of COVID-19.Methods According to the confirmed results so far, it was found that the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, NRP1 and FURIN genes were related to SARS-COV-2 virus infected cells; CD4, CD8 and NLRP3 genes were related to human immunological response; NSP1 gene was related to immunosuppression; IL6 (IL-6), IFNG (IFN-γ) and TNF (TNF-α) genes were related to the occurrence of cytokine storm. The differential expression of these genes between male and female were analyzed in normal and tumor patients, and further analyzed in different locations of normal and tumor tissues to find out risk factors affecting the infection rate and mortality. Results In our study, we identified that in the lung tissue, the expression level of ACE2, TMPRSS2, NRP1 and FURIN genes in male patients were higher than those in female patients. In all normal tissues of patients: NRP1, FURIN and NSP1 genes were significantly higher expressed in female. In all tumor tissues of patients: ACE2, FURIN and IL-6 genes were significantly higher expressed in male, while TMPRSS2, CD4, CD8, NLRP3, NSP1 and TNF genes were significantly higher expressed in female.Conclusions The significant differential expression of SARS-COV-2 receptor related genes and immune response related genes between male and female patients may be the reason for the difference in COVID-19 infection rate and mortality. The expression of COVID-19-related genes in normal and tumor patients were also significantly different, so clinical treatment should be treated differently.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Prescribing Antihypertensive Drugs in a Public Hospital in Alkharj

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nehad J. Ahmed ◽  
Menshawy A. Menshawy ◽  
Ziyad S. Almalki
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Angiotensin Receptors ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Prescribing Trends

Introduction: Hypertension is considered one of the most significant risk factors for mortality and morbidity worldwide. There are major clinical implications for gender-specific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It is important to know the potential gender differences in hypertension treatment and to know the prescribing trends in male and female hypertensive patients in order to optimize the treatment of hypertension. Aim: This is a retrospective study that aims to describe the difference in prescribing antihypertensive drugs between male and female patients. Methodology: This is a retrospective study that includes the revision of patient electronic records of outpatients with hypertension in 2018 in Alkharj. Results: The total number of prescribed antihypertensive drugs was 1838 drugs. The calcium channel blocker was the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive class (27.86%). The study showed that there are different patterns of antihypertensive drug use among hypertensive men and women and showed that female patients are more frequently treated with diuretics and less frequently with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptors blockers than male patients. Conclusion: Stratified guidelines and policies based on gender will be appropriate if more studies show a difference in the efficacy and safety of antihypertensive drugs between male and female patients. It is important to conduct more studies about these differences.

scholarly journals The Effects of Gender Differences in Patients with Depression on Their Emotional Working Memory and Emotional Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi Li ◽  
Shengfu Lu ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Ning Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Mood Congruence ◽  
Male Patients

A large amount of research has been conducted on the effects of sex hormones on gender differences in patients with depression, yet research on cognitive differences between male and female patients with depression is insufficient. This study uses emotion pictures to investigate the differences of the emotional working memory ability and emotional experience in male and female patients with depression. Despite identifying that the working memory of patients with depression is impaired, our study found no significant gender differences in emotional working memory. Moreover, the research results revealed that memory effects of mood congruence are produced in both men and women, which may explain why the depression state can be maintained. Furthermore, female patients have more emotional experiences than male patients, which is particularly significant in terms of negative emotional experiences. This result provides cognitive evidence to explain why women suffer from longer terms of depression, are more susceptible to relapse, and can more easily suffer from major depressive disorder in the future.

scholarly journals Characteristic differences of chest pain in male and female patients with acute coronary syndrome: A pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurike Olivia Sella ◽  
Halidah Manistamara ◽  
Sony Apriliawan ◽  
Mifetika Lukitasari ◽  
Mohammad Saifur Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Chest Pain ◽  
Moderate Pain ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pain Characteristics

Background: The typical sign or main symptom in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients is chest pain, which is an initial benchmark or early sign for diagnosis. Certain factors, such as gender differences, the presence of diabetes mellitus or other clinical conditions, may make the patient not realize they have ACS. Therefore, this study aims to identify the characteristics of chest pain symptoms in male and female patients with ACS.Design and Methods: This is a non-experimental quantitative study, namely analytical observation using a cross-sectional approach within 4 months (January-April 2019). Furthermore, the samples were 53 ACS patients (28 male and 25 female).Results: The chest pain characteristics that have a significant relationship with gender differences in ACS patients are shown based on the aspects of location, pain duration and quality. Male patients are more likely to feel pain at the left or middle chest, the duration is between <20 to >20 min with moderate pain quality, which tends to become severe, while females are more likely to feel pain at the chest which radiates to the neck and chin, the duration is usually >20 min, with mild to moderate pain quality.Conclusions: The result showed a significant difference in chest pain characteristics in male and female patients with ACS. Regarding location, duration and quality of chest pain, male ACS patients mostly have more typical symptoms, while females’ symptoms are atypical.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Safinamide and Gender Differences During Routine Clinical Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria T. Pellecchia ◽  
Marina Picillo ◽  
Maria C. Russillo ◽  
Maria F. De Pandis ◽  
Erminio Bonizzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Motor Fluctuations ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Motor Complications ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Multicenter Observational Study ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Positive Effects

Background: There is increasing evidence of gender differences in the epidemiology and clinical manifestation of both motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, few data are available on gender differences in the response to antiparkinsonian drugs. Safinamide is a multimodal drug with positive effects on motor and non-motor fluctuations that might improve patients' care and quality of life.Objective: To analyze gender differences on clinical effects of safinamide in PD patients treated in real-life conditions during the SYNAPSES trial.Methods: SYNAPSES was a multinational, multicenter, observational study. At baseline, patients with PD diagnosis received safinamide as an add-on to levodopa and were followed up for 12 months, with visits performed every 4 months. A new statistical analysis was performed to describe the efficacy of safinamide in men and women on motor complications, motor symptoms, and adverse events.Results: Six hundred and sixteen (38%) out of 1,610 patients enrolled in the SYNAPSES study were women and 994 (62%) men. Safinamide improved motor symptoms and motor complications (fluctuations and dyskinesia) in both genders, with a good safety profile and without requiring any change in the concomitant dopaminergic therapy. Clinically significant improvements, according to the criteria developed by Shulman et al., were seen in 46% of male and female patients for the UPDRS motor score and 43.5% of men vs. 39.1% of women for the UPDRS total score.Conclusions: Safinamide was effective in improving motor fluctuations and dyskinesia and proved to be safe in both male and female patients with PD. Further prospective studies, specifically addressing potential gender differences in response to PD therapies, are needed to develop tailored management strategies.

Gender differences in neural activation during perceptual uncertainty in patients with major depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S200-S200 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sobanski ◽  
H. Sauer ◽  
K.J. Bär ◽  
G. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Brain

IntroductionAlthough male and female patients with major depression (MDD) differ in psychopathology and other illness characteristics, a potentially confounding effect of gender has not been systematically controlled or investigated in most of the previous neuroimaging studies.ObjectivesWe investigated activation patterns during processing of ambiguous stimuli in MDD by functional MRI.AimsWe aimed at examining potential activation differences between male and female patients.MethodsA matching task was employed in which two stimuli with varying degrees of perceptual uncertainty had to be compared with respect to their sameness. Eighteen patients meeting DSM-IV criteria of MDD and eighteen healthy control subjects participated in this study.ResultsWhereas on the level of behavioral performance no significant group differences could be detected we found distinct disorder- and gender-related differences in the brain activation. Patients activated significantly stronger in superior parietal, prefrontal and cingulate regions. Gender specific analyses revealed that the hyperactivity in the patient group was mainly attributable to hyperactivity in the male patients who activated significantly stronger than the female patients in an extensive fronto-temporo-limbic network, which partly overlapped with the network we found when comparing patients and healthy controls.DiscussionOur results indicate that male patients seem to be reliant on a significantly stronger metabolism in task-relevant regions to maintain an equal level of performance.ConclusionThe present results provide evidence for gender-related differences in the functional organization of the brain in patients with MDD. Gender differences should be taken into consideration when investigating the neural correlates of MDD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Gender differences in male- and female-dominated occupations among two age cohorts of the lidA study

2013 ◽  
Vol 75 (08/09) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Kretschmer ◽  
JB du Prel ◽  
R Peter ◽  
S Tophoven
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Age Cohorts

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN READING PREFERENCE: EVIDENCE FROM A MOBILE PHONE PLATFORM

Mousaion ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kelly De Villiers ◽  
Johann Louw ◽  
Colin Tredoux
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
South African ◽  
The Self ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reading Preference ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Poor Communities

Two studies were conducted to investigate gender differences in a sample of young South African readers from poor communities. In the first study, the self-reported reading preferences of 2 775 readers on a mobile phone platform supplied by the FunDza Literacy Trust were surveyed. Both male and female readers indicated that they liked four genres in particular: romance, drama, non- fiction, and stories with specific South African content. There were nevertheless some differences, such as that a higher percentage of males liked stories involving sport. The second study examined the unique FunDza site visits made by readers, as a proxy measure of what they actually were reading. Four genres stood out: romance, drama, biography, and action/adventure. Again the similarity between male and female readers was noticeable, although many more females than males read content on the site.

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