The Effects of Socioeconomic Status, Parental Education Level, Oral and Dental Health Practices, Dietary Habits and Anthropometric Measurements on Dental Health in 12-Year-Old School Children

Abstract Background Dental caries is the most common progressive chronic disease in school-age children with an increasing prevalence as children grow up. This study aims to examine the effects of socioeconomic status, parental education level, oral and dental health practices, dietary habits and anthropometric measurements on dental health in 12-year-old schoolchildren. Methods The sample of the study consisted of 254 children (44.1% boys and 55.9% girls) in three schools, which were identified as low, moderate and high socioeconomic status. Results It was found that 70.9% of the children have dental caries on their permanent teeth. The frequency of seeing a dentist, the status of receiving oral and dental health education and the frequency of changing toothbrush vary according to the socioeconomic status. Oral and dental health indicators were determined to be affected by the frequency and duration of tooth brushing. It was found that dmft values of the children consuming molasses and table sugar are higher. There is a negative correlation between oral and dental health indicators and anthropometric measurements and parental education level. Conclusions Dietary habits, anthropometric measurements, oral and dental health practices, gender, and parental socioeconomic status and education level were shown to be effective on caries risk.

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Waist circumference in 6–12-year-old children: The Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP)

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494818767790 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (21_suppl) ◽

pp. 12-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Per Morten Fredriksen ◽

Angelica Skår ◽

Asgeir Mamen

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Parental Education ◽

Education Level ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Parental Education Level ◽

Waist To Height Ratio

Aims: With overweight and obesity increasing worldwide, it has become ever more important to monitor the development and distribution of adiposity in children. This study investigated how the measurements of waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in children 6–12 years old relate to earlier studies. Methods: In 2015, 2271 children (boys, n = 1150) were measured for height, weight, and WC. Parental education level was used as a measure of socioeconomic status. Results: A significant increase in WC with age was revealed for both sexes ( p < .0001). Boys at 10 and 12 years had a larger WC than girls; otherwise no difference between sexes was found. The WHtR decreased with age for girls ( p < .0001); 14% of the sample displayed a WHtR ≥ 0.50. Comparison with earlier studies showed a higher WC and WHtR despite no change in weight and body mass index. Conclusion: WC and WHtR are recommended as tools for identifying central obesity in children. The results indicate increased WC in 6–12-year-old children compared with earlier findings.

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Parental Education Level and Dental Caries in School Children Living in Dili, Timor-Leste

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1010539517753875 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 128-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Leonard A. Crocombe ◽

Penny Allen ◽

Silvana Bettiol ◽

Lucio Frederico Babo Soares

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

School Children ◽

Parental Education ◽

Education Level ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Parental Education Level ◽

Timor Leste ◽

Education Levels ◽

Low Levels

Timor-Leste struggles with problems of poverty and inequalities that underlie many health disparities, including oral health. This study aimed to determine the association between parental education and dental caries in school children aged 6 to 17 years from 40 randomly selected schools in 4 Dili subdistricts. A questionnaire and oral examination collected data and multivariable log binomial models were used for data analysis. Results indicate no association between parental education level and the prevalence of untreated decay in deciduous teeth ( P = .96). There was an association between parental education level and untreated decay in permanent teeth ( P = .03) and untreated decay overall ( P = .01). Children whose parents had higher education levels have approximately half the relative risk (aRR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25-0.89) of decay compared with children whose parents had low levels of education.

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The prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian children and adolescences and its association with age, socioeconomic status, dietary habits and other risk factors. A cross-sectional study

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.17047.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Marwa M.S. Abbass ◽

Sara Ahmed Mahmoud ◽

Sara El Moshy ◽

Dina Rady ◽

Nermeen AbuBakr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Parental Education ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Permanent Dentition ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Egyptian Children ◽

Decayed Tooth

Background: Dental caries is a chronic, multifactorial disease, with limited data available for the Egyptian population. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian children and adolescents in correlation with age, gender, body mass index, socioeconomic status, parental education, biological risk factors and dietary habits. Methods: A total number of 369 Egyptian children and adolescents (age ranges from 3-18 years) were examined over the period from 15th November 2017 to 13th January 2018. Socio-demographic data, oral hygiene measures and dietary habits for children were recorded. Dental status was analyzed using decayed, missing and filled tooth index (dmft) for deciduous dentition and (DMFT) index for permanent dentition. For mixed dentition (deft) index was used, d (decayed tooth indicated for filling), e (decayed tooth indicated for extraction) and f (filled tooth). Results: 74% of the children had dental caries with mean dmft: 3.23±4.07; deft: 4.21±3.21; DMFT: 1.04±1.56. In primary dentition, dmft of the children was positively correlated with age, beans, candies, crackers, chocolates and inversely correlated with gender, socio-economic status (SES), parental education, brushing frequency of the parent, brushing frequency of the parent to the child teeth, brushing frequency of the child and consumption of eggs, fruits/vegetables, milk and milk products. In mixed dentition, deft was positively correlated with candies, crackers, citric juices, while negatively correlated with age, SES, parental education, brushing frequency of the parent to the child, brushing frequency of the child, fruits/vegetables. In permanent dentition, DMFT in children was positively correlated with age and chocolates while not correlated with any of the remaining risk factors. Conclusion: The present study clarifies the significant risk factors associated with dental caries amongst Egyptian children. This will help in planning strategies to prevent and treat such disease.

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The association between eating vegetables at start of meal and dental caries among Japanese children

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.454 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

K Ito ◽

A Isumi ◽

S Doi ◽

M Ochi ◽

T Fujiwara

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Health Behavior ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

Dental Health ◽

First Grade ◽

Japanese Children ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Dental caries is still serious problem among Japanese children. Previous studies suggested that higher consumption of vegetables prevent dental caries. Eating order habit, such as eating vegetables at start of meal, called “Vege-first”, may increase the amount of vegetable consumption, and in turn, prevent dental caries. However, no published studies have examined the impact of “Vege-first” habit on dental caries. The aim of this study to investigate the association between “Vege-first” and dental caries among Japanese children. Methods We used the 2015 cross-sectional data from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) study, a population-based study of all first-grade students in Adachi City, Tokyo, Japan. The number of DMFT (decayed, missed due to decay, and filled teeth) was used as an outcome. Poisson regression analyses were applied to determine the independent association between “Vege-first” habit and the number of DMFT after controlling for the effects from child’s sex, parents’ marital status, socioeconomic status, and frequency of tooth brushing, drinking sweet beverages, and snacking. Results Of 3,689 valid Japanese children participants, 38.2% had DMFT and 11.6% were having the “Vege-first” habit. The number of DMFT decreased linearly with “Vege-first” habit (p < 0.001). After controlled for covariates, the number of DMFT was still significantly and independently decreased with “Vege-first” habit (prevalence ratio=0.89 (95% confidential interval [0.81-0.98])). Conclusions This study showed that having the “Vege-first” habit was associated with dental caries even accounting for socioeconomic status, dental health behavior, and dietary habits. Health policy introducing “Vege-first” habit may be effective to prevent pediatric dental caries. Key messages Eating habit which vegetables at start of meal called “Vege-first” may increase the amount of vegetable consumption and possibly reduce dental caries. The habituation of Vege-first was likely to reduce child’s dental caries even accounting for socioeconomic status, dental health behavior and dietary habits.

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Perfectionism in Adolescence: Associations With Gender, Age, and Socioeconomic Status in a Norwegian Sample

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.688811 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Liv Sand ◽

Tormod Bøe ◽

Roz Shafran ◽

Kjell Morten Stormark ◽

Mari Hysing

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Parental Education ◽

Well Being ◽

Education Level ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Parental Education Level ◽

Small Effect Size ◽

Economic Well Being

Background: Perfectionism in adolescence has received increased attention, but few studies have examined this in non-clinical samples. This study investigated perfectionism among adolescents from the general population in relation to demographic factors.Methods: The present study is cross-sectional and draws on the epidemiological youth@hordaland study. The sample consisted of 10.217 adolescents aged 16–19 years (52.9% girls). Self-reported perfectionism was assessed by the EDI-P scale from the Eating Disorder Inventory with two dimensions of perfectionism, namely self-oriented (SOP) and socially prescribed (SPP) perfectionism, and a total score. Perfectionism was analyzed in relation to age, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) by perceived economic well-being and parental education level. Chi-squared tests, t-tests, and regression analyses were performed.Results: There were few gender differences on the mean scores on perfectionism, with similar levels on the total score of EDI-P and SOP, while girls scored slightly higher on SPP (p < 0.001). The latter gender difference represented a small effect size (Cohen's d = 0.053). Chi-square analyses with perfectionism split at the 90th percentile across gender showed that there were significantly more girls than boys among the high scorers both for EDI-P, EDI-SOP, and EDI-SPP. There were no significant differences between levels of perfectionism between the three age groups. The logistic regression analyses adjusted by age and gender showed that adolescents with a better perceived economic well-being had increased odds of high perfectionism. This was evident for overall EDI-P (OR = 1.760, 95% CI = 1.493–2.076), SOP (OR = 1.543, 95% CI = 1.292–1.843), and SPP (OR = 1.836, 95% CI = 1.559–2.163). Parental education was not significantly associated with perfectionism scores among the adolescents.Conclusions: The levels of perfectionism were relatively similar between the genders in the present study, besides slightly higher SPP among girls than boys. There were also significantly more girls than boys among the high scorers on overall perfectionism, SOP, and SPP, respectively. High perfectionism was related to SES for perceived economic well-being, but not for parental education level. Implications for further research and clinical interventions were suggested.

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Orthodontic Status and Orthodontic Treatment Need of 12- and 15-Year-Old Greek Adolescents: A National Pathfinder Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182211790 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (22) ◽

pp. 11790

Author(s):

Ioulia-Maria Mylonopoulou ◽

Iosif Sifakakis ◽

Elias Berdouses ◽

Katerina Kavvadia ◽

Konstantinos Arapostathis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Parental Education ◽

Dental Health ◽

Dental Trauma ◽

Class Ii ◽

Education Level ◽

Class Iii ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Treatment Need ◽

Parental Education Level

The purpose of this research was to assess the orthodontic status and orthodontic treatment needs of 12- and 15-year-old schoolchildren in Greece, in relation to sociodemographic factors and parental education level. A total of 1102 12-year-old children and 1131 15-year-old adolescents across Greece were assessed using the Modified Dental Health component (DHC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). An amount of 38.7% of 12-year-olds and 33.7% of 15-year-olds were in definite need of orthodontic treatment. The most common etiologic factors were tooth eruption and position anomalies. A higher rate of orthodontic treatment need was recorded among subjects with lower parental education level. Class I malocclusion was found in 50.9%, Class II in 38.4% and Class III in 10.8% of the total sample. A higher incidence of dental trauma was found in the 12-year-olds presenting with a Class II molar relationship and >3 mm overjet. The need for orthodontic treatment in Greece was higher, in comparison to other European countries, with one out of two children presenting a severe overjet associated with a high incidence of dental trauma. One out of three adolescents were still judged as having a need for orthodontic treatment by the age of 15.

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Association between socioeconomic status and dental caries among Chinese preschool children: a cross-sectional national study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042908 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. e042908

Author(s):

Tingting Zhang ◽

Jialan Hong ◽

Xueting Yu ◽

Qiulin Liu ◽

Andi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Household Income ◽

Parental Education ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Index Of Inequality

ObjectivesSocioeconomic inequalities in oral health are often neglected in oral health promotion. This cross-sectional study assessed the association between dental caries and socioeconomic status (SES) among preschool children in China.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingData from the Fourth National Oral Health Survey of China (2015), comprising of 40 360 children aged 3–5 years was used.MethodsDental caries indicators including prevalence of dental caries, dental pain experience and number of decayed, missing and filling teeth (dmft). SES indicators included parental education and household income. The associations between SES and dental caries were analysed by using negative binomial regression or Poisson regression models according to data distribution. Relative and absolute inequalities in dental caries were quantified by using the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) and Slope Index of Inequality (SII), respectively.ResultsThere were significant associations between SES and prevalence of dental caries and dmft (p<0.001). Children from lower educated (RII 1.36, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.43; SII 0.97, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.13) and lower household income (RII 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.24; SII 0.55, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.75) families had higher dmft than those from well-educated and most affluent families. Relative and absolute inequalities in dental caries were larger in urban areas by household income, and in rural areas by parental education.ConclusionsAssociation between dental caries and SES was demonstrated and socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries existed among Chinese preschool children.

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Association between parental socioeconomic status and offspring overweight/obesity from the China Family Panel Studies: a longitudinal survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045433 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e045433

Author(s):

Suqin Ding ◽

Jingqi Chen ◽

Bin Dong ◽

Jie Hu

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Regression Model ◽

Household Income ◽

Parental Education ◽

Education Level ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Average Household Income ◽

Education Levels ◽

Parental Socioeconomic Status

ObjectiveTo examine the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk of offspring overweight/obesity and the changes of the association that occur as children grow older.DesignWe used data from the nationally representative longitudinal survey of the China Family Panel Studies of 2010 and its three follow-up waves in 2012, 2014 and 2016.ParticipantsA total of 6724 children aged 0–15 years old were included.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAverage household income and paternal and maternal education levels were used as SES indicators. Logistic regression model for panel data was used to examine the associations between SES indicators and child overweight/obesity. A restricted cubic spline linear regression model was used to estimate body mass index (BMI) trajectories with child growth across parental SES levels.ResultsCompared with the lowest education level (primary school or less), the ORs for fathers who had completed junior high school, senior high school and junior college or higher were 0.85 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.97), 0.77 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.92) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.93), respectively. The corresponding ORs for mothers were 0.76 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.86), 0.59 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.72) and 0.45 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.60), respectively. A negative association between parental education and offspring overweight/obesity was observed in the first 10 years but not in children 11–15 years old. BMI differences across parental education levels emerged from birth and widened before 6–7 years old, but decreased before adolescence. High average household income was related to a low risk of offspring overweight/obesity but not when parental education level was adjusted for.ConclusionHigh parental education levels were associated with a low risk of offspring overweight/obesity, especially before adolescence. Effective approaches need to be adopted in early childhood to reduce socioeconomic differences in overweight/obesity.

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Towards a dialect-neutral assessment instrument for the language skills of Afrikaans-speaking children: the role of socioeconomic status

Journal of Child Language ◽

10.1017/s0305000912000037 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 415-437 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

FRENETTE SOUTHWOOD

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Parental Education ◽

Education Level ◽

Assessment Instrument ◽

Socioeconomic Background ◽

Parental Education Level ◽

Father Figures ◽

African Context ◽

Neutral Language

ABSTRACTThe aims of the study were to establish whether there is a correlation between the socioeconomic background of Afrikaans-speaking children and their performance on a dialect-neutral language test, and to ascertain whether the allowance the test currently makes for parental education level is sufficient. The Afrikaans version of the DiagnosticEvaluation ofLanguageVariation(Seymour, Roeper & de Villiers, 2005a) was administered to 231 Afrikaans-speaking children age 4 ; 0 to 9 ; 11 from various socioeconomic backgrounds. A positive correlation was found between the composite language scores as well as the scores for each of the language domains (syntax, pragmatics, semantics) and the primary female caregivers' highest level of education. Children with father figures present did not outperform those without. It appears that the original manner of accommodating parental education level in interpreting the children's language scores on the test is sufficient and need not be refined for the South African context.

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