scholarly journals Molecular and microscopic detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi among working horses and donkeys in Cairo and Giza provinces of Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Soliman ◽  
Nagwa M. Elhawary ◽  
Nashwa M. Helmy ◽  
Sahar M. Gadelhaq
Keyword(s):  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is an ixodid tick-borne disease caused by Theileria equi and/or Babesia caballi that can lead to severe health issues and economic losses among equine population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. equi and B. caballi among Egyptian equines based on microscopy and conventional PCR. Also, to determine the effect of season, age, and sex of on their prevalence and determining the difference in sensitivity between microscopy and conventional PCR in the diagnosis of EP. This study was carried out on 432 blood samples randomly collected from 146 horses and 286 donkeys during a period from April 2016 to March 2018. Microscopic examination revealed that among horses, 13 (8.9%) and 4 (2.7%) were infected by T. equi and B. caballi respectively. While among donkeys, 22 (7.7%), 16 (5.6%) respectively. While mixed infections were detected in 4 (1.4%) donkeys. There was a statistically nonsignificant relation between prevalence of infection and season and sex of equines but the highest prevalence was recorded in age group less than 5 years old. By conventional PCR, among 64 horses, 15 (23.4%) and 8 (12.5%) were infected by T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. While among 76 donkeys, 36 (47.4%), 16 (21.1%), and 5 (6.6%) were infected by T. equi, B. caballi, and mixed infection, respectively. Our finding proved the existence of T. equi and B. caballi among equines.

scholarly journals A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
ThankGod E. Onyiche ◽  
Keisuke Suganuma ◽  
Ikuo Igarashi ◽  
Naoaki Yokoyama ◽  
Xuenan Xuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Tick Vectors ◽  
And Control

Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

scholarly journals Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Sharon Tirosh-Levy ◽  
Yuval Gottlieb ◽  
Lindsay M. Fry ◽  
Donald P. Knowles ◽  
Amir Steinman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
The World ◽  
Tick Borne Disease

Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by the hemoparasites Theileria equi, Theileria haneyi, and Babesia caballi, is an important tick-borne disease of equines that is prevalent in most parts of the world. Infection may affect animal welfare and has economic impacts related to limitations in horse transport between endemic and non-endemic regions, reduced performance of sport horses and treatment costs. Here, we analyzed the epidemiological, serological, and molecular diagnostic data published in the last 20 years, and all DNA sequences submitted to GenBank database, to describe the current global prevalence of these parasites. We demonstrate that EP is endemic in most parts of the world, and that it is spreading into more temperate climates. We emphasize the importance of using DNA sequencing and genotyping to monitor the spread of parasites, and point to the necessity of further studies to improve genotypic characterization of newly recognized parasite species and strains, and their linkage to virulence.

Molecular detection and prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses of central Balkan

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Davitkov ◽  
Milos Vucicevic ◽  
Jevrosima Stevanovic ◽  
Vanja Krstic ◽  
Dajana Slijepcevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Specific Region ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractEquine piroplasmosis is significant tick-borne disease with wide distribution. The prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina is unknown. In aim to obtain a first insight into the prevalence we performed molecular epidemiological study which included 142 horses, on seven locations in these three countries. We first performed PCR for the detection of a 450bp long section of the 18S rRNA of piroplasma-specific region. For all positive samples we have done multiplex PCR for the species detection. Species determination was further confirmed by sequencing PCR products of 10 randomly selected

scholarly journals Serological and Molecular Prevalence of Babesia caballi in Apparently Healthy Horses in Israel

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Sharon Tirosh-Levy ◽  
Monica L. Mazuz ◽  
Igor Savitsky ◽  
Dana Pinkas ◽  
Yuval Gottlieb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Parasite Clearance ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Equine Industry

Babesia caballi is a tick-borne hemoparasite of equines and one of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis, which poses a great concern for the equine industry regarding animal welfare and international horse movement. The parasite is endemic in Israel; however, its seroprevalence in the area was never evaluated due to antigenic heterogenicity in the gene used in the commercially available kit. Blood samples were collected from 257 horses at 19 farms throughout the country and screened for the presence of anti-B. caballi antibodies via an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and for the presence of parasite DNA by nested PCR. The seroprevalence of B. caballi was 69.6% and its molecular prevalence was 9.7%. The geographical area, horse’s sex, breed, housing, exposure to ticks, and specifically to Hyalomma marginatum, and co-infection with Theileria equi were found to be significantly associated with serologic exposure in univariable analysis, while the geographical area and horses’ sex remained significant in the multivariable analysis. The results of this study demonstrate a high level of exposure to B. caballi and identify important risk factors for infection. The difference between the serological and molecular prevalence, probably related to parasite clearance, is also highlighted.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in jereed horses in Erzurum, Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esin Guven ◽  
Hamza Avcioglu ◽  
Ahmet Deniz ◽  
İbrahim Balkaya ◽  
Ugur Abay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Tick Borne Disease

AbstractEquine piroplasmosis (EP) is a hemoprotozoan tick-borne disease with worldwide distribution that is caused by

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of piroplasmids species in equids from island of São Luís, northeastern Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Socorro Costa de Oliveira Braga ◽  
Francisca Neide Costa ◽  
Débora Regina Maia Gomes ◽  
Daniele Rosa Xavier ◽  
Marcos Rogério André ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Island State ◽  
Likelihood Analysis ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Edta Blood

Abstract Equine piroplasmosisis, a tick-borne disease caused by the intra-erythrocytic protozoans Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, has economic importance due to the international trade and the increased movement of horses all over the world. The goal of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of phylogenetic diversity of T. equi and B. caballi genotypes among infected equids from São Luís Island, state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. Between December of 2011 and June of 2012, EDTA-blood and serum samples were collected from 139 equids (90 donkeys, 39 horses and 10 mules). From 139 serum samples submitted to ELISA assay, IgG antibodies to T. equi and B. caballi were detected in 19.4% (27/139) and 25.2% (35/139), respectively. Among sampled animals, 21.6% (30/139) and 55.4% (77/139) were positive for cPCR assays for T. equi and B. caballi, based on ema-1 and rap-1 genes, respectively. Overall, the T. equi sequences (n=7) submitted to Maximum Likelihood analysis (based on a 18S rRNA fragment of 1700 bp after alignment) grouped into three main groups, which were subdivided in eight clusters. The present work showed that different genotypes of T. equi and B. caballi circulate among equids in Brazil.

scholarly journals First report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in Jilin, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaowei Zhao ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Suzhu Xie ◽  
Hang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Jilin Province ◽  
Risk Factor Analysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis

Abstract Background Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan disease of equids, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Equine piroplasmosis represents a serious challenge to the equine industry due to important economic losses worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in equids from Jilin Province, China. Methods A total of 220 blood samples (192 horses and 28 donkeys/mules) were collected from March 2018 to October 2019 in five districts of Jilin Province and analyzed by PCR. Potential risk factors, including the region, sex, management, and host species of the animals were assessed in relation to T. equi infection. Moreover, the V4 hypervariable region of the T. equi 18S rRNA gene was analyzed to identify specific genotypes. Results The overall prevalence of T. equi in equids was 27.7%, whereas B. caballi infection was not identified. The district with the highest positive rate was Baicheng (43.3%), followed by Tonghua (28.9%), Yanbian (26.4%), Jilin (23.3%), and Liaoyuan (20.9%). The sex of the animals and farm management were identified as main risk factors, which were significantly associated with the prevalence of Equine piroplasmosis (P < 0.05). The risk factor analysis indicated that the females were at a higher risk (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.17–5.27) of being infected compared to the males, whereas the organized farm was protective factor (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22–0.80). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that there were two T. equi genotypes (A and E) in Jilin. Conclusions Our findings provided important epidemiological data for the prevention and control of T. equi infection in Jilin, China.

scholarly journals Evaluation of PCR and multiplex PCR in relation to nested PCR for diagnosing Theileria equi

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 575-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle C. Leal ◽  
Cláudio R. Madruga ◽  
Paulo F. de Matos ◽  
Bárbara M. P. da S. Souza ◽  
Carlos R. Franke
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
Laboratory Contamination

Conventional PCR (PCRTeq) for diagnosing Theileria equi and multiplex PCR (M/PCRTeq-Bc) for diagnosing T. equi and Babesia caballi were comparatively evaluated with nested PCR (N/PCR-Teq) for diagnosing equine piroplasmosis. In DNA sensitivity determinations, in multiple dilutions of equine blood that had tested positive for T. equi, PCR-Teq and N/PCR-Teq detected hemoparasite DNA in the larger dilutions (1:128), but did not differ significantly from the M/PCRTeq-Bc (1:64). In analyses on equine serum tested by ELISA, there was high agreement between this serological test and PCR-Teq (k = 0.780) and moderate agreement with N/PCR-Teq (k = 0.562) and M/PCRTeq-Bc (k = 0.488). PCR-Teq found a higher frequency of T. equi both in extensively and intensively reared horses, but this was not significant in relation to N/PCR-Teq (P>0.05), and both PCRs indicated that there was an endemic situation regarding T. equi in the population of horses of this sample. PCR-Teq was only significantly different from M/PCR-Teq-Bc (P<0.05). PCR-Teq presented high sensitivity and specificity, comparable to N/PCR-Teq, but with the advantage of higher speed in obtaining results and lower costs and risks of laboratory contamination. This accredits PCR-Teq for epidemiological studies and for determinations on affected horses.

scholarly journals Evaluation of trace elements in equine piroplasmosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (02) ◽  
pp. 6230-2019
Author(s):  
LORA KOENHEMSİ ◽  
FATMA ATEŞ ALKAN ◽  
GİULİA MORGANTİ ◽  
BORA Ü. BARUTÇU ◽  
ERMAN M. OR
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Serum Trace Element ◽  
Serum Trace Elements ◽  
Significant Economic Loss

Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, which causes a significant economic loss. The aim of this study was to determine the disease-related changes of serum trace elements that play an important role in the immune system. Our study was conducted on 20 horses with piroplasmosis and 20 healthy horses. It was performed to evaluate some of the serum trace element levels (chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), boron (B), and nickel (Ni)) in equine piroplasmosis. The elements were analyzed in serum using ICP-OES. Infected horses had significantly higher serum Mg and Mn levels. In conclusion, changes of serum trace elements in infected horses can provide valuable information about pathophysiological aspects and they are also good indicators for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment evaluation. Much more scientific research is required to evaluate the trace elements related to equine piroplasmosis.

scholarly journals Tick Distribution and Detection of Babesia and Theileria Species in the East and South regions of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunli Sang ◽  
Meihua Yang ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Guangyuan Liu ◽  
Yicheng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Species ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Hyalomma Anatolicum ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Babesia Caballi ◽  
Dermacentor Marginatus ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background: Piroplasmosis, caused by Theileria and Babesia species, is an economically important tick-borne disease worldwide. However, little is known about the presence of Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. in ticks from different host species in Kazakhstan. Method: We collected adult ticks at 26 sampling sites in 16 districts in the East and South regions of Kazakhstan during 2016 - 2019. Tick species were identified according to morphological and molecular characteristics. Two fragments of the 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) were used to determine the species of piroplasms. The genotype characteristics of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi were analyzed further. Results: A total of 6107 adult ticks were collected, including 2920 Dermacentor marginatus, 1442 Argas persicus, 903 Hyalomma asiaticum, 464 Hyalomma scupense, 225 Hyalomma anatolicum, 122 Rhipicephalus turanicus, 16 Haemaphysalis erinacei and 15 Dermacentor reticulatus. In these ticks five species of piroplasms, i.e. Babesia occultans, Babesia caballi, Theileria ovis, Theileria annulata and Theileria equi, were detected. Theileria equi and Babesia caballi belonged to their E and A genotype, respectively.Conclusions: Apart from Dermacentor marginatus, three Hyalomma species predominate among ticks infesting herbivorous livestock in East and South regions of Kazakhstan. 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) phylogenic analysis showed that several tick species in Kazakhstan, as exemplified by D. marginatus and Ha. erinacei, were clustered together with conspecific ticks reported from China. Babesia occultans was found for the first time in D. marginatus in Kazakhstan. Altogether five piroplasm species were detected, indicating that enhanced control measures are necessary to prevent piroplasm infection of domestic animals in this region.

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