scholarly journals Analysis of the Influence of Sources on the Spatial Variation in Atmospheric Methane Concentrations in the City of Tandil, Argentina

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Susana Fusé ◽  
Carla Sofia Stadler ◽  
Natasha Picone ◽  
Santiago Linares ◽  
Sergio Alejandro Guzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City ◽  
Local Research

Abstract There is an overall trend in urban methane (CH4) emissions due to the presence of several sources; however, differences exist between cities, and therefore further local research should be undertaken. The present study analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in atmospheric CH4 concentrations during a year at ten sampling sites in the urban core of a medium-sized city. The mean annual atmospheric CH4 concentrations varied between 2.02 ppm and 5.45 ppm; the maximum concentrations were found in a site close to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), presenting a significant increase toward the summer. In the rest of the sites, the maximum concentrations were recorded in the coldest months due to the influence of combustion sources dependent on natural gas (NG). An exploratory regression analysis was performed, in which the variables “homes connected to the gas network” and “distance from compressed NG stations” each explained 66 and 65% of the spatial variation of the atmospheric CH4 concentrations at the 9 sites (excluding that one nearest the WWTP). The results show the need to prevent NG leaks in all urban areas to reduce the emissions of this potent greenhouse gas, which, at the same time, will provide economic benefits for the sectors involved.

scholarly journals Green Spaces in Residential Areas of Dar es Salaam City: Types, Coverage and Uses

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Nicholaus Mwageni ◽  
Robert Kiunsi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Building Density ◽  
Dar Es Salaam City ◽  
The City

Green spaces in urban areas including in Dar es Salaam City provide multiple ecological, social and economic benefits. Despite their benefits they are inadequately documented in terms types, coverage and uses. This paper attempts to provide information on types, coverage and uses of green space in Dar es Salaam City. A number of methods including literature review, interpretation of remotely sensed image, interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires were used to document city greenery. The research findings show that residential greenery is made up of greenery found within and external to plots. The dominant green spaces external to residential plots were natural and semi natural vegetation while within plots were woody plants, plots farms vegetable and ornamental gardens. Distribution of greenery varied among the wards due to differences in building density and distance from the city centre. Natural and semi natural vegetation increased with decrease of building density and increase of distance from the city centre, while the number of plots with trees for shade increased with increase of building density. Only Kawe ward that had greenery above Tanzania space planning standards, the other three wards which are informal settlements had green space deficit. Three quarters of the households use green spaces for shade provision and cooling, two thirds as a source of food products and a quarter for recreation and aesthetic purposes. The study reveals that Dar es Salaam City residents invest predominantly on shade trees in their residential plots compared to other green space types.

Agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas in the United States: Highlights from the Census of Agriculture

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Rogus ◽  
Carolyn Dimitri
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Vegetable Farm ◽  
The City

AbstractUrban agriculture, a current trend in many US cities, is purported to bring enhanced food security, reduction of food waste, community building, open green space in cities and higher property values. However, the literature lacks an understanding of whether urban farming has extended beyond a compelling concept into the practice of farming in the city and peri-urban areas. The exact definition of an urban farm is challenging, since many urban farms have a primary mission of supporting social goals rather than providing food. Use of the USDA definition of farm omits many self-identified urban farms, but the most consistent measure of agriculture is the Census of Agriculture. Using census data, this paper finds that urban farms are smaller than the typical farm, and while the amount of urban and peri-urban farmland declined between 2002 and 2007, the total number of farms increased. Growth in farmland is positively related to land values, suggesting that increases in urban farmland are more likely to take place in population dense, land scarce areas. Spatial analysis of urban and peri-urban farms in the Northeast finds fewer clusters of farms in areas with high land costs. In the most populous Northeastern cities, the farms are more likely to be located in the peri-urban area than in the urban core. Urban farms in the Northeast were more likely to produce vegetables, eggs and goats. Significant levels of vegetable farm clusters were detected surrounding Providence, Boston and Hartford Metropolitan Statistical Areas, which are regions that had no significant level of clustering of total farms. Future analysis, incorporating data from the 2012 census, should provide insight into whether local policy changes have resulted in growth in urban farms and farmland.

scholarly journals Hobby and business on trading birds: Case study in bird market of Sukahaji, Bandung, West Java and Splendid, Malang, East Java (Indonesia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
BUDIAWATI S ISKANDAR ◽  
JOHAN ISKANDAR ◽  
RUHYAT PARTASASMITA
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
West Java ◽  
Urban Bird ◽  
The City

Abstract. Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R. 2019. Hobby and business on trading birds: Case study in bird market of Sukahaji, Bandung, West Java and Splendid, Malang, East Java (Indonesia). Biodiversitas 20: 1316-1332. Bird species have various ecological and socio-economic-cultural functions for the human being. Ecologically, birds have beneficial functions in the ecosystem, such as helping plant pollinators, spreading plant seeds, participating in controlling agricultural pests, and monitoring environmental changes. Meanwhile, bird functions for the social-economic and culture of the community among them are known as sources of protein food, mystical functions, sources of material stories, sources of inspiration to make songs, craft materials, the source of gene pool, and become pets and trade animals. With the rise of the urban population hobby of raising birds and also the development of various bird contest activities in the urban, causing of the bird trade is very widespread in urban areas, such as in bird markets. In some cities in Indonesia, various bird markets have been popularly known for a long time. This study aimed to elucidate species diversity, folk classification, bird populations, bird prices, constraints to bird trade, and the positive and negative effects of bird trade in the urban bird market. The research method used a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods with the ethnoecological approach. The results of this study showed that from a survey of 60 bird traders in the bird market of Sukahaji, Bandung, and Splendid, Malang, a total of 160 bird species, representing 38 families were documented. Among them, 10 species representing 7 families recorded as protected bird by law in Indonesia, based on recent government regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of Republic of Indonesian No.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. A total of 2,950 individuals were recorded in Sukahaji; while in Splendid were recorded 3,558 individuals. Prices of birds that are traded varied greatly depending on the species and characteristics of birds. It has been revealed that bird trade in the bird market has been various economic benefits for many people. However, due to the bird trade in bird markets in the city which has not been properly managed, the sustainability system of the bird trade in the city is very alarming caused of many factors, including decreasing of bird population over time in rural ecosystem as main supply of urban bird trading in the bird markets. Therefore, bird trading in the bird markets must be properly managed based on the sustainable development program concept, namely pro-economic, pro-social, and pro-environment.

The city as a business: gas and business in the Spanish region of Galicia, 1850–1936

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-150
Author(s):  
ALBERTE MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ ◽  
JESÚS MIRÁS-ARAUJO
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Technology Dissemination ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

ABSTRACTThe history of town gas is unique in the development of public services in urban areas. Indeed, gas was the subject of the first network infrastructure set up in cities. In Spain, its history is discontinuous because the networks were dismantled in the 1940s and 1950s. The purpose of this paper is to retrace the steps of the development of the gas network in a region where the Spanish gas companies took the form of early modern businesses. They contributed significantly to the dynamism of local financial markets, both in terms of enterprise configuration, technology dissemination and innovative management. However, the development of the gas industry remained subject to local conditions of supply and demand, to conflicts with local government and suffered from competition from electricity.

The effects of deep zones on wetland nitrogen processing

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Kadlec
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Deep Zone ◽  
Treatment Benefit ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City ◽  
Temperature Factors

Twelve research wetlands were operated under varying conditions at a site west of the city of Phoenix. These were constructed as a triplicated design, with zero, one, two and three internal deep zones, all containing an inlet distribution and an outlet collection deep zone, together comprising 12.5–35% of the wetland areas. The water supply was partially nitrified effluent from a city wastewater treatment plant. Total nitrogen was reduced by about 50%, from inflow concentrations between 6 and 8 mg/L. Speciation of the inflow was approximately 25% organic nitrogen, 25% ammonium nitrogen and 50% nitrate nitrogen. Typical outflow concentrations were about 1.2 mg/L organic, 0.5 mg/L ammonium and 0.0–2.5 mg/L nitrate. Rate constants for total nitrogen were 15–20 m/year at 20 °C, and 20–30 m/year for nitrate, which agree well with other project reports. Temperature factors averaged 1.100 for total nitrogen, and 1.184 for nitrate. There were no differences in the internal hydraulics with deep zone numbers. Deep zone numbers in the wetlands did not affect nitrogen treatment performance. No differences with deep zone numbers were found for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, or nitrogen removals or rate constants. In conjunction with other reported results, there appears to be no large treatment benefit or detriment of incorporating internal deep zones in free water surface wetlands.

scholarly journals Analysis of equivalent temperature - case of Kragujevac city

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Milentijevic ◽  
Jovan Dragojlovic ◽  
Marija Cimbaljevic ◽  
Dusan Ristic ◽  
Kristina Kalkan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Vapor Pressure ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Sick People ◽  
Population Concentration ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City ◽  
Climatic Elements ◽  
Bioclimatic Indicators

A more complete climate image of a site is obtained by analyzing bioclimatic indicators. In this paper, an analysis of the physiological sense of heat in the territory of the city of Kragujevac was presented. Bioclimatic considerations are based on the equivalent temperature, which represents the combined influence of air temperature and water vapor pressure. Based on these two climatic elements, the corresponding equations and the Kr?ger anthropo-climatic classifications, three climate types and nine physiological sensations of heat for the territory of the city of Kragujevac were isolated. Their significance in bioclimatology is that they cause different sensations of heat in healthy and sick people, and can serve as the basis for the expected types of bioclimate during the year. Urban areas are areas of higher population concentration to which the climate elements act stimulating or, on the contrary, discouraging, which depends on the person's health. For the needs of this work, a thirty-year climate period (1981-2010) was analyzed based on the data obtained from the weather station Kragujevac. There are significant historical and tourist sites and natural resources in the city and its surroundings, which can be valorized complementarily. Analyzed values of equivalent temperatures can be used for the planning of tourist activities and in means of tourist propaganda. For this purpose, this work can be a solid bioclimatic basis.

scholarly journals Retail Sprawl in Post-Soviet Urban Residential Communities: Case Studies of Saint-Petersburg and Vilnius

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Axenov ◽  
Dovilė Krupickaitė ◽  
Kira Morachevskaya ◽  
Andrey Zinovyev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
Retail Development ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Residential Communities ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Development Paths ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

Abstract Since the beginning of the 1990s, Soviet urban residential communities have experienced rapid inflows of new urban functions. In this research project, two post-Soviet urban areas - Vilnius and St. Petersburg - are examined to indicate contrasting development paths over the last 30 years. The term “retail sprawl” describes correctly one of the important processes which have reshaped the former socialist microdistricts. We used data from the years 1987-1989, the last years of the socialist economy, and 2016 for 36 comparable research areas. By 2016 the structure of these formerly monofunctional areas made them functionally very similar to that of the urban core, including them in the intra-urban circulation of goods and capital, redirecting flows and making the city centre’s service burden much lighter. The results of the study provide a controversial contribution to the virtual discussion on universalism vs. uniqueness in post-socialist urban development. On the one hand, irrespective of contrasting “path-dependent” impacts, the structural results of retail development turned out to be generally identical in the studied cities at present, as well as in a prototypical North-American city 25 years ago. On the other hand, we found very pronounced differences compared to international patterns in morphological outcomes.

Observation and Simulation of a Bifurcating Thunderstorm over Beijing

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2129-2148
Author(s):  
Jingjing Dou ◽  
Robert Bornstein ◽  
Shiguang Miao ◽  
Jianning Sun ◽  
Yizhou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Rain Gauge Data ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Convergence Zones ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Beijing China

AbstractThe aim of this study was the analysis and simulation of the life cycle of a bifurcating thunderstorm that passed over Beijing, China, on 22 July 2015. Data from 150 surface weather sites and an S-band radar were used in conjunction with WRF simulations that used its multilevel Building Environment Parameterization (BEP) urbanization option. The Urban-case simulation used Beijing land-use information, and the NoUrban one replaced all urban areas by croplands. The Urban case correctly simulated both the observed weak 10-m winds over Beijing (<1.0 m s−1) and the weak 2-m urban heat island (<0.5°C). Observed radar and rain gauge data, as well as the Urban-case results, all showed precipitation bifurcation around Beijing, with maximum accumulations in convergent flow areas on either side of the city. The Urban case also reproduced the observed precipitation minima over the urban area and in a downwind rain shadow. The observations and Urban-case results both also showed bifurcated flow, even when the storm was still upwind of Beijing. The subsequent bifurcated precipitation areas thus each moved along a preexisting flow branch. Urban-case vertical sections showed downward motion in the divergence areas over the urban core and upward motions over the lateral convergence zones, both up to 6 km. Given that the NoUrban case showed none of these features, these differences demonstrate how the impact of cities can extend upward into deep local convection. Additional case-study simulations are needed to more fully understand urban storm bifurcation mechanisms in this and other storms for cities in a variety of climates.

Urbanization of fauna on the example of marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
A. P. Korzh ◽  
T. V. Zahovalko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Corrective Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Recently, the number of published works devoted to the processes of synanthropization of fauna, is growing like an avalanche, which indicates the extreme urgency of this theme. In our view, the process of forming devices to coexist with human and the results of his life reflects the general tandency of the modern nature evolution. Urbanization is characteristic for such a specific group of animals like amphibians, the evidence of which are numerous literature data. Many researchers use this group to assess the bioindicative quality of the environment. For this aim a variety of indicators are used: from the cellular level of life of organization up to the species composition of the group in different territories. At the same time, the interpretation of the results is not always comparable for different areas and often have significantly different interpretations by experts. Urban environment, primarily due to the contamination is extremely aggressive to amphibians. As a consequence, the urban populations of amphibians may be a change in the demographic structure, affecting the reproductive ability of the population, the disappearance of the most sensitive species or individuals, resizing animals, the appearance of abnormalities in the development, etc. At the same time play an important amphibians in the ecosystems of cities, and some species in these conditions even feel relatively comfortable. Therefore, it is interesting to understand the mechanisms of self-sustaining populations of amphibians in urban environments. To assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on the development of amphibian populations were used cognitive modeling using the program Vensim PLE. Cognitive map of the model for urban and suburban habitat conditions were the same. The differences concerned the strength of connections between individual factors (migration, fertility, pollution) and their orientation. In general, factors like pollution, parasites, predators had negative impact on the population, reducing its number. The birth rate, food and migration contributed to raising number of individuals. Some of the factors affected on the strength to of each other as well: the majority of the factors affected the structure of the population, had an influence on the fertility. Thanks to it the model reflects the additive effect of complex of factors on the subsequent status of the population. Proposed and analyzed four scenarios differing strength and duration of exposure. In the first scenario, a one-time contamination occurs and not subsequently repeated. The second and third scenario assumes half board contamination, 1 year (2 scenario) and two years (scenario 3). In the fourth scenario, the pollution affected the population of amphibians constantly. In accordance with the results of simulation, much weaker than the natural populations respond to pollution - have them as an intensive population growth and its disappearance at constant pollution is slow. Changes to other parameters of the model showed that this pollution is the decisive factor -only the constant action leads to a lethal outcome for the populations. All other components of the model have a corrective effect on the population dynamics, without changing its underlying trand. In urban areas due to the heavy impact of pollution maintaining the population is only possible thanks to the migration process – the constant replenishment of diminishing micropopulations of natural reserves. This confirms the assumption that the form of existence metapopulations lake frog in the city. In order to maintain the number of amphibians in urban areas at a high level it is necessary to maintain existing migration routes and the creation of new ones. Insular nature of the placement of suitable habitats in urban areas causes the metapopulation structure of the types of urbanists. Therefore, the process of urbanization is much easier for those species whicht are capable of migration in conditions of city. In the initial stages of settling the city micropopulationis formed by selective mortality of the most susceptible individuals to adverse effects. In future, maintaining the categories of individuals is provided mainly due to migration processes metapopulisation form of the species of existence is supported). It should be noted that the changes in the previous levels are always saved in future. In the case of reorganizations of individuals we of morphology can assume the existence of extremely adverse environmental conditions that threaten the extinction of the micropopulations. 

Epizootological features of demodicosis in homeless animals in the city of Tyumen ЭПИЗООТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДЕМОДЕКОЗА У БЕЗДОМНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ В ГОРОДЕ ТЮМЕНИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Stray Cats ◽  
The City

Широкое распространение безнадзорных животных на территории городов несет за собой потенциальную угрозу распространения зооантропонозных заболеваний, одним из которых является демодекоз. Невозможно разработать мероприятия, направленные на борьбу с заболеванием и его профилактику, без анализа данных особенностей возникновения и распространения инвазии среди всей популяции восприимчивых животных. Поэтому целью нашей работы явилось изучение распространения демодекоза среди безнадзорных собак и кошек в городе Тюмени. В задачи исследования входило изучение распространения демодекоза и его клинического проявления среди бездомных собак и кошек в условиях города Тюмени и определение сезонной динамики заболевания. Работу выполняли в 2016-2018 гг. на базе кафедры анатомии и физиологии ФГБОУ ВО ГАУ Северного Зауралья, в лаборатории акарологии ВНИИВЭА – филиала ТюмНЦ СО РАН, а также в производственных условиях на базе пункта временного содержания безнадзорных домашних животных МКУ «ЛесПаркХоз». Демодекозная инвазия распространена среди бездомных кошек и собак. Наиболее часто демодекоз встречается у собак, экстенсивность инвазии от 0,65 до 0,72%. Заболевание демодекозом у бездомных собак регистрировали на протяжении всего года, но 54,6% больных собак поступали в апреле и мае. Большинство больных демодекозом – это молодые собаки в возрасте от 1,5 месяцев до 2-х лет – 75,76%, животные старше двух лет гораздо реже страдали от демодекоза – 24,24%. Генерализацию демодекоза регистрировали у 21 собаки (63,64%), а локализованные очаги – у 12 собак (36,36%). Наиболее распространенной формой проявления демодекоза у бездомных собак является пустулезная, или пиодемодекоз. Данная форма заболевания была отмечена у 16 собак (48,49%), чешуйчатая форма отмечалась у 10 собак (30,30%), а смешанная – у 7 собак (21,21%). The widespread use of stray animals in urban areas carries with it the potential threat of the spread of zooanthroponotic diseases, one of which is demodicosis. It is impossible to develop measures aimed at combating the disease and its prevention without analyzing the data on the characteristics of the occurrence and spread of invasion among the entire population of susceptible animals. Therefore, the purpose of our work was to study the distribution of demodicosis among street dogs and cats in the city of Tyumen. The objectives of the study included the study of the spread of demodicosis and its clinical manifestation among stray dogs and cats in the conditions of the city of Tyumen and the determination of the seasonal dynamics of the disease. Demodectic invasion is common among stray cats and dogs. Most often, demodicosis occurs in dogs, with extensive invasion from 0.65 to 0.72%. Demodecosis in stray dogs was recorded throughout the year, but 54.6% of sick dogs were reported in April and May. The majority of patients with demodicosis are young dogs between the ages of 1.5 months and 2 years old - 75.76%, animals older than two years suffer less from demodicosis, only 24.24%. Generalization of demodicosis was recorded in 21 dogs (63.64%), and localized foci in 12 dogs (36.36%). The most common form of demodicosis in stray dogs is pustular or pyodemodecosis. This form of the disease was observed in 16 dogs (48.49%), scaly form, was observed in 10 dogs (30.30%), and mixed in 7 dogs (21.21%).

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