scholarly journals Role of Exosome in Delivery of MicroRNA Into Cells As a Major Tool of Disease Resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachayeeta Ray ◽  
Debalina Bhattacharya ◽  
Parimal Karmakar
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Micro Rnas

Abstract Exosomes are small-sized extracellular vesicles. Their size ranges from 30-150 nm and contains proteins, lipids, nucleic acids along other bioactive molecules. It is now also considered as communicating mediators between cells where their content varies with the microenvironment of the cells which may ultimately change numerous physiological and pathological functions of the cells. Because of their small size, safety, biocompatibility, biorecognition, high stability, target specificity, and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, the exosomes have recently gained attention as a potential nano delivery system. However, the focus of this review article is to cover the latest updates regarding the role of exosomal delivery of different micro RNAs which have an important role in disease control. Micro RNAs, which are of utmost importance as an exosomal cargo, has been reported to show both positive and negative impact on the cell it is targeted or delivered to.

scholarly journals The Power of Extracellular Vesicles in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: “Crafting” a Microenvironment That Matters

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2316
Author(s):  
Lucia Catani ◽  
Michele Cavo ◽  
Francesca Palandri
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Driver Genes ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Patients Experience

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) are acquired clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cells and include Essential Thrombocythemia, Polycythemia Vera and Myelofibrosis. MPN are characterized by mutations in three driver genes (JAK2, CALR and MPL) and by a state of chronic inflammation. Notably, MPN patients experience increased risk of thrombosis, disease progression, second neoplasia and evolution to acute leukemia. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of microparticles with a role in cell-cell communication. The EV-mediated cross-talk occurs via the trafficking of bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites and lipids. Growing interest is focused on EVs and their potential impact on the regulation of blood cancers. Overall, EVs have been suggested to orchestrate the complex interplay between tumor cells and the microenvironment with a pivotal role in “education” and “crafting” of the microenvironment by regulating angiogenesis, coagulation, immune escape and drug resistance of tumors. This review is focused on the role of EVs in MPN. Specifically, we will provide an overview of recent findings on the involvement of EVs in MPN pathogenesis and discuss opportunities for their potential application as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Remodeling

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 859-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Liu ◽  
Y. Sun ◽  
Q. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Tooth Development ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β1 ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Bioactive Molecules

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as nanometer-scale particles, include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs are released by most cell types, such as bone marrow stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and immune cells. In bone-remodeling microenvironments, EVs deliver specific proteins (e.g., tenascin C and Sema4D), microRNAs (e.g., miR-214-3p, miR-183-5p, and miR-196a), and other growth factors (e.g., bone morphogenetic protein 1 to 7 and transforming growth factor β1) to osteoblasts and regulate bone formation. In addition, EVs can deliver cytokines, such as RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB) and RANKL (RANK ligand), and microRNAs, such as miR-218 and miR-148a, to modulate osteoclast differentiation during bone resorption. EVs also transfer bioactive molecules and have targeted therapies in bone-related diseases. Moreover, bioactive molecules in EVs are biomarkers in bone-related diseases. We highlight the emerging role of EVs in bone remodeling during physiologic and pathologic conditions and summarize the role of EVs in tooth development and regeneration. At the end of this review, we discuss the challenges of EV application in the treatment of bone diseases.

scholarly journals Platelet Extracellular Vesicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Puhm ◽  
Eric Boilard ◽  
Kellie R. Machlus
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Vascular Integrity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Broad Array

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a means of cell-to-cell communication and can facilitate the exchange of a broad array of molecules between adjacent or distant cells. Platelets are anucleate cells derived from megakaryocytes and are primarily known for their role in maintaining hemostasis and vascular integrity. Upon activation by a variety of agonists, platelets readily generate EVs, which were initially identified as procoagulant particles. However, as both platelets and their EVs are abundant in blood, the role of platelet EVs in hemostasis may be redundant. Moreover, findings have challenged the significance of platelet-derived EVs in coagulation. Looking beyond hemostasis, platelet EV cargo is incredibly diverse and can include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and organelles involved in numerous other biological processes. Furthermore, while platelets cannot cross tissue barriers, their EVs can enter lymph, bone marrow, and synovial fluid. This allows for the transfer of platelet-derived content to cellular recipients and organs inaccessible to platelets. This review highlights the importance of platelet-derived EVs in physiological and pathological conditions beyond hemostasis.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metabolism: Implications for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 153303382110378
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Xiangling Yang ◽  
Huanliang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the most common characteristics of cancer cells. The metabolic alterations of glucose, amino acids and lipids can support the aggressive phenotype of cancer cells. Exosomes, a kind of extracellular vesicles, participate in the intercellular communication through transferring bioactive molecules. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that enzymes, metabolites and non-coding RNAs in exosomes are responsible for the metabolic alteration of cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the past and recent findings of exosomes in altering cancer metabolism and elaborate on the role of the specific enzymes, metabolites and non-coding RNAs transferred by exosomes. Moreover, we give evidence of the role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, we discuss the existing problems in the study and application of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua P. Nederveen ◽  
Geoffrey Warnier ◽  
Alessia Di Carlo ◽  
Mats I. Nilsson ◽  
Mark A. Tarnopolsky
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Exercise Response ◽  
Response To Exercise

The benefits of exercise on health and longevity are well-established, and evidence suggests that these effects are partially driven by a spectrum of bioactive molecules released into circulation during exercise (e.g., exercise factors or ‘exerkines’). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes or exosome-like vesicles (ELVs), were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines. These EVs have therefore been proposed to act as cargo carriers or ‘mediators’ of intercellular communication. Given these findings, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the role of EVs in the multi-systemic, adaptive response to exercise. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the effects of exercise on MVs and ELVs, examine their role in the exercise response and long-term adaptations, and highlight the main methodological hurdles related to blood collection, purification, and characterization of ELVs.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles Mediated Early Embryo–Maternal Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Bridi ◽  
Felipe Perecin ◽  
Juliano Coelho da Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Uterine Fluid ◽  
Zygote Stage

Embryo–maternal crosstalk is an important event that involves many biological processes, which must occur perfectly for pregnancy success. This complex communication starts from the zygote stage within the oviduct and continues in the uterus up to the end of pregnancy. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are part of this communication and carry bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA. Small EVs are present in the oviductal and uterine fluid and have important functions during fertilization and early embryonic development. Embryonic cells are able to uptake oviductal and endometrium-derived small EVs. Conversely, embryo-derived EVs might modulate oviductal and uterine function. In this review, our aim is to demonstrate the role of extracellular vesicles modulating embryo–maternal interactions during early pregnancy.

scholarly journals Antigen-presenting cell-derived extracellular vesicles in accelerating atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 4258-4265
Author(s):  
Alexander E Berezin ◽  
Alexander A Berezin
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
T Regulatory Cells ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Macrophage Phenotype ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Microvascular Inflammation ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Endosomal System

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a population of heterogeneous particles that originate from the endosomal system or plasma membrane. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce and release a broad spectrum of EVs involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. APC-derived EVs contain several bioactive molecules, such as non-coding RNAs, cytokines, chemokines, active proteins, immunomodulatory factors, and growth factors. The review focuses on the role of APC-derived EVs in regulating the transformation of macrophage phenotype, shaping foam cells, driving autophagy and/or inhibiting apoptosis of Th4+ cells, T regulatory cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as well as in facilitating oxidative stress in vasculature. APC-derived EVs act as triggers of angiogenesis, neovascularization and inflammation through their participation in microvascular inflammation, angiogenesis, development of atherosclerotic plaques, and modulation of their instability.

scholarly journals Public health and tropical modernity: the combat against sleeping sickness in Portuguese Guinea, 1945-1974

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 641-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Jan Havik
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Public Healthcare

Until the establishment of the “Commission for the study of and combat against sleeping sickness” (Missão de estudo e combate à doença do sono) in 1945, underfunded and understaffed health services had not been a priority for the colonial administration in Portuguese Guinea. The Commission not only implemented endemic disease control in the territory under the auspices of metropolitan institutions, but also provided preventive public healthcare to the local population. Its relative success in reducing the negative impact of Human African Trypanosomiasis turned the colony into an apparent model of tropical modernity. In the process, the local evolution of the disease was marginalized, despite the tacit but contested recognition by some health professionals of the role of popular healthcare.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: from Immune Suppression to Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhil Srivastava ◽  
Shipra Rathore ◽  
Anupama Munshi ◽  
Rajagopal Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Liquid Biopsy ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Bodily Fluids

AbstractExosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication and play a crucial role in cellular physiology. The role of exosomes in cancer has been widely explored. Tumor cells have evolved and adapted to evade the immune response. The study of the immune system’s modulations in favor of rogue tumor cells led to the development of a novel immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs). In clinical settings, the response to ICP therapy has been inconsistent and is difficult to predict. Quantitating the targeted ICPs through immunohistochemistry is one approach, but is not pragmatic in a clinical setting and is often not sensitive. Examining the molecules present in bodily fluids to determine ICP treatment response, “liquid biopsy” is a convenient alternative. The term “liquid biopsy” refers to circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), non-coding (nc) RNA, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating free DNA (cfDNA), etc. EVs includes exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes. Herein, we focus on exosomes isolated from bodily fluids and their use in liquid biopsy. Due to their unique ability to transfer bioactive molecules and perturb the physiology of recipient cells, exosomes have garnered attention for their immune modulation role and as a resource to identify molecules associated with liquid biopsy–based diagnostic methods. In this review, we examine the putative role of exosomes and their cargo in influencing the immune system. We discuss the immune and tumor cells present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the exosomes derived from these cells to understand how they participate in creating the immune-suppressive TME. Additionally, use of exosomes in liquid biopsy–based methods to measure the treatment response elicited by immunotherapy is discussed. Finally, we describe how exosomes have been used to develop immune therapies, especially cell-free vaccines, for cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Microbiota–host communications: Bacterial extracellular vesicles as a common language

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. e1009508
Author(s):  
Rogers A. Ñahui Palomino ◽  
Christophe Vanpouille ◽  
Paolo E. Costantini ◽  
Leonid Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Current State ◽  
Mother Cells

Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain components from their mother cells. Bacterial EVs are similar in size to mammalian-derived EVs and are thought to mediate bacteria–host communications by transporting diverse bioactive molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites. Bacterial EVs have been implicated in bacteria–bacteria and bacteria–host interactions, promoting health or causing various pathologies. Although the science of bacterial EVs is less developed than that of eukaryotic EVs, the number of studies on bacterial EVs is continuously increasing. This review highlights the current state of knowledge in the rapidly evolving field of bacterial EV science, focusing on their discovery, isolation, biogenesis, and more specifically on their role in microbiota–host communications. Knowledge of these mechanisms may be translated into new therapeutics and diagnostics based on bacterial EVs.

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