Respiratory Viruses Among Ethnic Nicobarese During COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) are public health burdens globally. The percentage of non-SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses among patients having ARI and SARI who visit Car Nicobar's hospital settings is undocumented. Changes in the epidemiology of other respiratory viruses during COVID19 pandemic is being reported worldwide.Methods: Inpatient and outpatient settings at BJR hospital, Car Nicobar Island, India, were used to conduct prospective monitoring for ARI and SARI among Nicobarese tribal members. The patients with ARI and SARI were enlisted in BJR hospital from June 2019 to May 2021. At the ICMR-NIV in Pune, duplex qRTPCR assays were used to test the presence of respiratory viruses. The prevalence of non- SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses was measured by comparing here between pandemic and pre-pandemic periods.Results: During the COVID19 pandemic, Influenza A (H3N2) (55.7%), and rhinovirus (12.5%) were predominantly reported non-SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses while Human metapneumovirus (48.1%) and influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (18.5%) were most commonly reported in the prepandemic period. This result indicates the altered circulation of non-SARS CoV-2 during pandemic.Conclusions: A considerable proportion of respiratory infection was correlated with respiratory viruses. Prevalence of non-SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses was high at the time of infection when compared with pre-pandemic period, at Car Nicobar Island. This study enlightened the change in circulation of other respiratory viruses among the indigenous Nicobarese tribes. Clinicians and allied medical staff should be more prudent of these respiratory infections.

Download Full-text

The prevalence of enteroviruses that cause respiratory infections in patients with influenzavirus A/H1N1 hospitalized in the Lublin province

Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ◽

10.1515/cipms-2015-0015 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 199-201

Author(s):

Adrian Jarzynski ◽

Agata Dubas ◽

Malgorzata Polz-Dacewicz

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Viral Respiratory

ABSTRACT Viruses that cause respiratory tract infections are the most common agents of infectious diseases in humans throughout the world. A virus that infects the respiratory system, may induce various clinical symptoms. What is more, the same symptoms may be caused by different viruses. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of enteroviruses that cause respiratory infections in patients with influenzavirus A/H1N1 hospitalized in the Lublin province. The experimental material was throat and nose swabs taken from patients hospitalized in Lublin and Tomaszow Lubelski. In the group of 44 patients (20 women and 24 men) infected with influenza A/H1N1, the genetic material of enteroviruses was detected in 13 patients (29.5%). Respiratory viruses co-infections are very common in hospitalized patients. Studies show that co-infection with influenza virus and enterovirus are more common in children than in adults. Moreover, viral respiratory tract infections are independent from the patients’ gender.

Download Full-text

Viral respiratory infections during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in the West Midlands Region, UK

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268811002251 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 140 (9) ◽

pp. 1551-1556 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. E. TANNER ◽

M. D. CURRAN ◽

E. H. BOXALL ◽

H. OSMAN

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Influenza Outbreak ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Significant Difference ◽

West Midlands ◽

The Uk ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections

SUMMARYIn spring 2009 a new strain of influenza A(H1N1) emerged and caused a worldwide pandemic. This study utilized a large collection of respiratory specimens from suspected cases of influenza A(H1N1) in the UK West Midlands during the pandemic in order to investigate which other respiratory viruses were circulating and whether they played any role in the increased hospitalization rates seen during that period. Study specimens were selected from community and hospitalized patients positive and negative for influenza A(H1N1) and tested by PCR for other respiratory viruses. A number of infections diagnosed as influenza during the summer influenza outbreak were found to be due to other virus infections (most commonly rhinovirus). No statistically significant difference was found between the rates of respiratory virus co-infection with H1N1 in patients from community or hospital locations suggesting underlying factors were likely to be more significant than viral co-infections in determining severity of influenza A(H1N1) disease.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Human Bocaviruses Detected in Patients with Acute Respiratory Infections in Bulgaria

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2021/7035081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Neli Korsun ◽

Svetla Angelova ◽

Ivelina Trifonova ◽

Silvia Voleva ◽

Iliana Grigorova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Single Agent ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Vp2 Gene ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Syncytial Virus

Нuman bocaviruses (hBoVs) are often associated with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Information on the distribution and molecular epidemiology of hBoVs in Bulgaria is currently limited. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of hBoVs detected in patients with ARIs in Bulgaria. From October 2016 to September 2019, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were prospectively collected from 1842 patients of all ages and tested for 12 common respiratory viruses using a real-time RT-PCR. Phylogenetic and amino acid analyses of the hBoV VP1/VP2 gene/protein were performed. HBoV was identified in 98 (5.3%) patients and was the 6th most prevalent virus after respiratory-syncytial virus (20.4%), influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (11.1%), A(H3N2) (10.5%), rhinoviruses (9.9%), and adenoviruses (6.8%). Coinfections with other respiratory viruses were detected in 51% of the hBoV-positive patients. Significant differences in the prevalence of hBoVs were found during the different study periods and in patients of different age groups. The detection rate of hBoV was the highest in patients aged 0–4 years (6.9%). In this age group, hBoV was the only identified virus in 9.7%, 5.8%, and 1.1% of the children diagnosed with laryngotracheitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, respectively. Among patients aged ≥5 years, hBoV was detected as a single agent in 2.2% of cases of pneumonia. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all Bulgarian hBoV strains belonged to the hBoV1 genotype. A few amino acid substitutions were identified compared to the St1 prototype strain. This first study amongst an all-age population in Bulgaria showed a significant rate of hBoV detection in some serious respiratory illnesses in early childhood, year-to-year changes in the hBoV prevalence, and low genetic variability in the circulating strains.

Download Full-text

Virus–virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1911083116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 (52) ◽

pp. 27142-27150 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Sema Nickbakhsh ◽

Colette Mair ◽

Louise Matthews ◽

Richard Reeve ◽

Paul C. D. Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Cold ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Strong Support ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Positive Interactions ◽

Infection Frequency ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Virus Interactions

The human respiratory tract hosts a diverse community of cocirculating viruses that are responsible for acute respiratory infections. This shared niche provides the opportunity for virus–virus interactions which have the potential to affect individual infection risks and in turn influence dynamics of infection at population scales. However, quantitative evidence for interactions has lacked suitable data and appropriate analytical tools. Here, we expose and quantify interactions among respiratory viruses using bespoke analyses of infection time series at the population scale and coinfections at the individual host scale. We analyzed diagnostic data from 44,230 cases of respiratory illness that were tested for 11 taxonomically broad groups of respiratory viruses over 9 y. Key to our analyses was accounting for alternative drivers of correlated infection frequency, such as age and seasonal dependencies in infection risk, allowing us to obtain strong support for the existence of negative interactions between influenza and noninfluenza viruses and positive interactions among noninfluenza viruses. In mathematical simulations that mimic 2-pathogen dynamics, we show that transient immune-mediated interference can cause a relatively ubiquitous common cold-like virus to diminish during peak activity of a seasonal virus, supporting the potential role of innate immunity in driving the asynchronous circulation of influenza A and rhinovirus. These findings have important implications for understanding the linked epidemiological dynamics of viral respiratory infections, an important step towards improved accuracy of disease forecasting models and evaluation of disease control interventions.

Download Full-text

Incidence of medically attended acute respiratory illnesses due to respiratory viruses across the life course during the 2018/19 influenza season

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciab131 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael L Jackson ◽

Lea Starita ◽

Erika Kiniry ◽

C Hallie Phillips ◽

Stacie Wellwood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Course ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Acute Respiratory Illness ◽

Common Cause ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Life Course

Abstract Background While multiple respiratory viruses circulate in humans, few studies have compared the incidence of different viruses across the life course. We estimated the incidence of outpatient illness due to 12 different viruses during November 2018 through April 2019 in a fully enumerated population. Methods We conducted active surveillance for ambulatory care visits for acute respiratory illness (ARI) among members of Kaiser Permanente Washington (KPWA). Enrolled patients provided respiratory swab specimens which were tested for 12 respiratory viruses using RT-PCR. We estimated the cumulative incidence of infection due to each virus overall and by age group. Results The KPWA population under surveillance included 202,562 individuals, of whom 2,767 (1.4%) were enrolled in the study. Influenza A(H3N2) was the most commonly detected virus, with an overall incidence 21 medically attended illnesses per 1,000 population; the next most common viruses were influenza A(H1N1) (18 per 1,000), coronaviruses (13 per 1,000), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 13 per 1,000), and rhinovirus (9 per 1,000). RSV was the most common cause of medically attended ARI among children aged 1-4 years; coronaviruses were the most common among adults aged ≥65 years. Conclusions Consistent with other studies focused on single viruses, we found that influenza and RSV were major causes of acute respiratory illness in persons of all ages. In comparison, coronaviruses and rhinovirus were also important pathogens. Prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, coronaviruses were the second-most common cause of medically attended ARI during the 2018/19 influenza season.

Download Full-text

Age-Specific Etiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections and Influenza Vaccine Effectivity in Prevention of Hospitalization in Russia, 2018–2019 Season

Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health ◽

10.1007/s44197-021-00009-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 413-425

Author(s):

Anna Sominina ◽

Daria Danilenko ◽

Andrey Komissarov ◽

Maria Pisareva ◽

Tamila Musaeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

H3n2 Virus ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Pdm09 Virus ◽

Negative Case ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Infections

AbstractThe expansion and standardization of clinical trials, as well as the use of sensitive and specific molecular diagnostics methods, provide new information on the age-specific roles of influenza and other respiratory viruses in development of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI). Here, we present the results of the multicenter hospital-based study aimed to detect age-specific impact of influenza and other respiratory viruses (ORV). The 2018–2019 influenza season in Russia was characterized by co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) virus subtypes which were detected among hospitalized patients with SARI in 19.3% and 16.4%, respectively. RSV dominated among ORV (15.1% of total cases and 26.8% in infants aged ≤ 2 years). The most significant SARI agents in intensive care units were RSV and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, (37.3% and 25.4%, respectively, of PCR-positive cases). Hyperthermia was the most frequently registered symptom for influenza cases. In contrast, hypoxia, decreased blood O2 concentration, and dyspnea were registered more often in RSV, rhinovirus, and metapneumovirus infection in young children. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against hospitalization of patients with PCR-confirmed influenza was evaluated using test-negative case–control design. IVE for children and adults was estimated to be 57.0% and 62.0%, respectively. Subtype specific IVE was higher against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, compared to influenza A(H3N2) (60.3% and 45.8%, respectively). This correlates with delayed antigenic drift of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and genetic heterogeneity of the influenza A(H3N2) population. These studies demonstrate the need to improve seasonal influenza prevention and control in all countries as states by the WHO Global Influenza Strategy for 2019–2030 initiative.

Download Full-text

A STUDY ON VIRAL ETIOLOGIES OF LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN HOSPITALIZED IN HUE CENTRAL HOSPITAL FROM MARCH-2010 TO APRIL 2011

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2012.6.11 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 86-92

Author(s):

Van An Le ◽

Thi Hai Duong Huynh ◽

Chien Thang Nguyen ◽

Hoang Bach Nguyen ◽

Thi Bich Chi Phan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

High Rate ◽

Single Infection ◽

Influenza B Virus ◽

Influenza B ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Viral Etiologies

Introduction: Lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory viruses have played an important role in morbility and mortality in young children. Identification of viral etiologies has not been done in poor countries due to the lack of laboratory facilities for viral diagnosis. This study was to determine viral etiologies in children hospitalized with lower respiratory infections. Patients and methods: Nasal pharyngeal swabs or throat swabs were collected from 216 children hospitalized clinically with lower respiratory infections and processed for viral identification by RT-PCR and PCR. Results: Viral respiratory infections were detected in 91 children (42%) with 107 respiratory viruses, majority of infected children were younger than 5 years of age. among them 76 children (84%) have single infection and 15 children (16%) have co-infections of 2 or 3 viruses. The most common respiratory virus was influenza A virus with 41 cases (45%), followed by RSV with 38 cases (42%), adenovirus in 11 cases (12%), influenza B virus in 7 (8%) and parainfluenza virus type 1 and 3 in 5 cases (5%) each. RSV infections were found in several months, whereas, influenza virus infections were found in high numbers in rainy and cold months from October of 2010 to February of following year, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the predominant subtype of influenza A virus. Conclusion: Respiratory viruses were found with the high rate in children hospitalized with lower respiratory infections; the common viruses detected were influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus and RSV. Key words: influenza, RSV, lower respiratory infections

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of viral respiratory infections in a pediatric reference hospital in Central Panama

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-020-05720-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Virginia Núñez-Samudio ◽

Iván Landires

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Patients Âgés ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Reference Hospital ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Central Panama

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a worldwide public health problem. It is estimated that up to 80% of cases of ARIs are caused by viruses. In Central America, however, we identified few epidemiologic studies on the main ARI-related viruses in hospitalized children. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical charts of patients ages 29 days to 14 years admitted with diagnoses of ARIs in a pediatric reference hospital in central Panama during 2016. The variables analyzed were age, sex, signs, symptoms, and diagnosis at admission. Samples of patients to whom a viral panel was indicated were analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR. Results The most common virus was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 25.9%), followed by influenza A virus (10.6%), rhinovirus (10.6%), parainfluenza type 3 (PIV-3; 8.2%) and adenovirus (5.9%). However, virus detection varied with patient age and season. RSV and Influenza virus were respectively identified mainly during July–November and May–July. All cases of viral co-infection occurred in children < 5-years-old. Both influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 and rhinovirus were detected in all pediatric ages analyzed in this study, unlike RSV and PIV-3, which were only present in children < 5-years-old. Conclusions This study analyzed the epidemiological patterns of different respiratory viruses in pediatric patients with ARI from central Panama and found that the prevalence of the specific respiratory viruses identified varied with season and age. The most common viruses were RSV, influenza A, and rhinovirus. There were no reports of human metapneumovirus associated with ARI, which may be explained by the time and geographic location of the study. Knowledge of the local epidemiology of respiratory viruses in tropical countries is helpful in forecasting the peaks of hospitalizations due to ARIs and may help improve prevention efforts aiming at respiratory disease control in these settings.

Download Full-text

Surveillance of influenza A H1N1 2009 among school children during 2009 and 2010 in São Paulo, Brazil

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/s0037-86822012000500005 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 563-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sandra Baltazar Guatura ◽

Aripuana Sakurada Aranha Watanabe ◽

Clarice Neves Camargo ◽

Ana Maria Passos ◽

Sheila Negrini Parmezan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

High Morbidity ◽

São Paulo ◽

High Morbidity Rate ◽

Influenza A H1n1

INTRODUCTION: Influenza A H1N1 2009 is associated with a high morbidity rate among children around the world, including Brazil. This survey was conducted on samples of symptomatic children (< 12 years) to investigate the influenza virus as the etiological agent of respiratory infections in a day care school in a health facility during the first and second pandemic wave of H1N1 (2009-2010) in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Influenza infections were determined by real-time PCR in 34% (47/137) of children with a median age of 5 years (8 months - 12 years), from June to October 2009 and in 16% (14/85) of those with median age of 6 years (1-12 years), from March to November 2010. RESULTS: In general, most positive cases (64%) occurred in children aged 5-12 years, this age group was significantly the most affected (39.8%, p = 0.001, OR = 8.3, CI 95% 1.9-36.9). Wheezing was reported by 31% (19/61) and dyspnea by 23% (14/61) of the studied patients. An outbreak of influenza H1N1 with an attack rate of 35.7% among children (median age 6 years) was documented in April 2010, before the vaccination campaign against the pandemic virus was extended for children up to 5 years in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the study reinforces the recommendation to immunize school children to reduce the incidence of the disease.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Respiratory Pathogens among Elderly Nursing Home Residents with Acute Respiratory Infections in Corsica, France, 2013–2017

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/1423718 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shirley Masse ◽

Lisandru Capai ◽

Alessandra Falchi

Keyword(s):

Nursing Home ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Nursing Home Residents ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Sudden Onset ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Influenza B ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Pathogens

Background. The current study aims to describe the demographical and clinical characteristics of elderly nursing home (NH) residents with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during four winter seasons (2013/2014–2016/2017), as well as the microbiological etiology of these infections. Methods. Seventeen NHs with at least one ARI resident in Corsica, France, were included. An ARI resident was defined as a resident developing a sudden onset of any constitutional symptoms in addition to any respiratory signs. Nasopharyngeal swabs from ARI residents were screened for the presence of 21 respiratory agents, including seasonal influenza viruses. Results. Of the 107 ARI residents enrolled from NHs, 61 (57%) were positive for at least one of the 21 respiratory pathogens. Forty-one (38.3%) of the 107 ARI residents had influenza: 38 (92%) were positive for influenza A (100% A(H3N2)) and three (8%) for influenza B/Victoria. Axillary fever (≥38°C) was significantly more common among patients infected with influenza A(H3N2). Conclusion. The circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses other than influenza A(H3N2) seems to be sporadic among elderly NH residents. Investigating the circulation of respiratory viruses in nonwinter seasons seems to be important in order to understand better the dynamic of their year-round circulation in NHs.

Download Full-text