scholarly journals Tree Structure and Pruning Response of Six Peach Growth Forms

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bassi ◽  
A. Dima ◽  
R. Scorza
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Branch Density ◽  
And Training ◽  
Intermediate Amount

The response of young, nonbearing peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees to pruning was studied in six distinct growth forms including semidwarf, spur-type, upright, columnar or pillar, weeping, and standard. Two years after field planting, pillar and upright trees were trained to slender spindle. Semidwarf, spur-type, and standard trees were trained to the open or delayed vase form. Weeping trees were pruned in a manner similar to the Lepage hedge for pear. Branch density before pruning was highest in semidwarf, spur-type, and upright trees and lowest in pillar trees. Standard, semidwarf, and spur-type trees reacted similarly to pruning, but semidwarf trees produced as much wood in the following season as had been pruned off, and produced large numbers of fruiting branches. The small size of semidwarf trees suggested their use for medium-density plantings (MDPs). Pillar trees needed only light pruning. No major cuts were necessary and many fruiting branches were produced even on nonpruned trees. The pillar canopy was 60% thinner and required 50% fewer pruning cuts than the standard canopy and may be particularly suited to high-density plantings (HDPs). The upper canopy of weeping trees grew more than most other forms. They were intermediate in branch density and required an intermediate amount of pruning. Most striking was the unique canopy form of weeping trees, which may be used in developing new training systems. The results of this study suggest that new growth forms have the potential to reduce pruning and training requirements for peach, particularly in MDPs and HDPs. This potential suggests further investigation and exploitation of alternate peach tree growth forms.

Orchard training systems influence early canopy development and light microclimate within apple tree canopies

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kappel ◽  
Harvey A. Quamme
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
And Training ◽  
Radiation Measurements

Delicious and McIntosh apple trees were trained to five orchard systems: central leader (two spacings), slender spindle, van Roechoudt trellis, and vertical axe. Radiation measurements were taken at the bottom of the canopy throughout the season or at various heights within the canopy after the growth of the canopy was completed. Early in the life of the plantings slender spindle and vertical axe trees of each cultivar had the highest yields expressed on a per hectare basis. By the fifth year of the planting, McIntosh trees trained to the slender spindle and the narrow central leader spacing were producing similar amounts of fruit. Light levels at the bottom of the canopy for some orchard systems were at or below 30% of full sun as early as 25 d after petal fall. Orchard system affected total leaf area and the number of spurs per tree in both 1989 and 1990. The low light levels at the bottom of the canopy reported in this study suggest that attention to pruning and training in the early stages of the orchard development is critical. Key words: Malus domestica, central leader, slender spindle, van Roechoudt trellis, vertical axe, light distribution, leaf area index

Web-Based Training for the Network Marketing Industry

2000 ◽  
pp. 218-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet M. Hugli ◽  
David Wright
Keyword(s):  
Network Marketing ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Competitive Edge ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Remote Management ◽  
Training Materials ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
And Training

The Internet is radically changing the way we do business and in the ways we deliver information and training. Companies must use effective methods for distributing information and training materials in a timely manner to ensure their competitive edge. With globalization, dispersed workforces, remote management and an ever increasing information glut, ensuring that employees are properly trained to represent the company and the industry to which they belong becomes on ongoing challenge, if not a nightmare. One industry that is particularly vulnerable to the challenge of providing consistent, high-quality training, is the Network Marketing Industry. This chapter will look at the Network Marketing Industry training requirements in light of the industry needs and available training sources. An assessment of the fit for the inclusion of Web-Based Training (WBT) as a support tool will be made. A global overview of the potential market sizing will be reviewed with a look at future trends and opportunities. The objective of this chapter is to determine the potential fit of WBT for the Network Marketing Industry. More specifically, this chapter will: • Define the training requirements at each stage in the network marketing discovery process. • Compare the current methods being used to offer training. • Highlight deficiencies/opportunities with the current training systems. • Suggest a role for WBT in the Network Marketing Industry. • Calculate the potential market size within the industry. • Highlight the challenges for using WBT in the Network Marketing Industry. • Identify the benefits of WBT for the Network Marketing industry.

Constituency Agents and British Party Politics

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Frasure ◽  
Allan Kornberg
Keyword(s):  
Party Politics ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Training

We began by reviewing the history of agency and by describing the two major parties' procedures for recruiting and training agents. Not surprisingly, the perceptions that agents have of their roles is not entirely congruent with official perceptions. Approximately 20 per cent of the agents of both parties felt that the performance of various representational functions was the most important part of their job although these tasks are not included in official job descriptions. Moreover, although a majority of the agents in each party believed that their most important job was to build and maintain constituency organizations capable of winning elections, the majority of their time was not spent on this task. Conservative agents seemingly spent a disproportionate amount of time doing routine office work, whereas over 40 per cent of the Labour agents spent much of their time trying to raise the funds that paid their salaries. Large numbers of agents in both parties agreed that raising money in their constituencies was a difficult and largely unrewarding task.

Abstract TP132: Selection and Activation of Sites in a Large Multi-Center Randomized Clinical Trial

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart M Demaerschalk ◽  
Robert D Brown ◽  
Virginia J Howard ◽  
MeeLee Tom ◽  
Mary E Longbottom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Interventional Neuroradiology ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Carotid Revascularization ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Training

Introduction: Careful selection and timely activation of clinical sites in multicenter clinical trials is critical for successful enrollment, subject safety, and generalizability of results. Methods: In the Carotid Revascularization and Medical Management for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis Trial (CREST-2), a multidisciplinary Site Selection Committee evaluated applicants referred via participation in CREST, CREST principal investigators (PIs) and other investigators, StrokeNet and industry partners. Data for consideration included performance metrics in CREST and other carotid trials and a site selection questionnaire containing information on the investigators as well as quantitative data on carotid procedures performed. Any FDA warning letters were reviewed. Results: The Committee met bi-weekly for 36 months (n=64 meetings). Applications from 176 sites between March 2014 and July 2016 were evaluated: 153 were approved, 7 are under Committee review, 5 were approved but withdrew, 5 were placed on a waiting list, and 6 were rejected. One-hundred-four sites have completed the regulatory and training requirements to randomize: 51 (49%) academic medical centers, 31 (30%) private hospital-based centers, 16 (15%) private office-based practices, and 6 (6%) Veterans Administration medical centers. The mean times from application-to- approval was 5.2 weeks (interquartile range, 1.9, 6.2), and from approval-to-randomization status was 46.7 weeks (interquartile range, 35.4, 51.7). Specialties of the 104 site PIs are vascular surgery for 35 (33.7%), cardiology for 30 (28.8%), neurology for 25 (24%), neurosurgery for 8 (7.7%), interventional radiology for 4 (3.8%), and interventional neuroradiology for 2 (1.9%). Conclusions: Careful site selection is time-consuming for prospective sites and for trial leadership. Times from application-to-site-approval were modest (mean = 5.2 weeks), in contrast to the times for completing regulatory and training requirements (mean = 46.7 weeks). However, subject enrollment by teams from a wide range of medical centers led by a multi-disciplinary cohort of PIs will promote the generalizability of trial results.

The Effect of Concealed Handgun Carry Deregulation in Arizona on Crime in Tucson

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1186-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Smith ◽  
Matthew Petrocelli
Keyword(s):  
El Paso ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Multiple Time Series ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
State Adoption ◽  
Concealed Carry ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

In 2010, the Arizona legislature effectively deregulated concealed handgun carry in the state by passing Senate Bill (SB) 1108, which eliminated licensing and training requirements for concealed carry. Although researchers have extensively examined the impact of state adoption of concealed carry laws, almost nothing is known about the effects of deregulating concealed carry altogether. This study contributes to the more guns, less crime debate by examining the impact of Arizona’s decision to deregulate concealed carry. Using a multiple time-series research design with an experimental (Tucson) and control city (El Paso), the present study examines the impact of deregulation on handgun-related violent crime and gun larcenies in Arizona’s second largest city—Tucson. We find that the passage of SB 1108 had no impact on handgun-related offenses that could be expected to change following deregulation. The implications of these findings for policy making and future research are discussed.

Pharmacy Technician Educators' Attitudes toward Education and Training Requirements for Pharmacy Technicians

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy D Moscou
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Pharmacy Technician ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Pharmacy Technicians ◽  
And Training

Objective: To poll members of the Pharmacy Technician Educators Council (PTEC) to determine their attitudes toward the level of education and training necessary for pharmacy technicians to perform current and expanded duties. Methods: A convenience survey was developed and sent to 130 PTEC member training programs. PTEC members include directors of college, vocational, and on-the-job training programs. Results: Thirty-seven PTEC members responded, yielding a response rate of 28.5%. Responses reflected the opinions of directors of pharmacy technician programs from 19 states. All respondents agreed that the length of training for pharmacy technicians should be standardized. They also agreed that minimum competencies should be established for pharmacy technicians and that examination should be required to obtain certification or licensure that would then enable the technician to be employed in the field. Conclusions: The use of pharmacy technicians will likely increase, as will the duties pharmacy technicians perform. Expansion of the role of pharmacy technicians, however, must be in tandem with standardizing training and establishment of competencies for pharmacy technicians. Increased responsibilities should be commensurate with increased education and national examination should be required to determine competency.

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