scholarly journals Mechanism Underlying Color Variation in Calla Lily Spathes Based on Transcriptomic Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ying Fang ◽  
Ting Lei ◽  
Yanmei Wu ◽  
Xuehua Jin
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Calla Lily ◽  
Unique Shape ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

The calla lily (Zantedeschia hybrida) is a valued ornamental plant due to its unique shape and color variations. To determine the mechanisms responsible for color development in the calla lily spathe, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis of the spathes of the black [Black Girl (B)], pink [Romantic (P)], and white [Ventura (W)] cultivars. The gene expression patterns in six spathe colors, including the preceding three colors as well as the amaranth [Promise (N)], red [Figo (F)], and yellow [Sun Club (Y)] cultivars were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Transcriptomic analysis identified 25,165 differentially expressed genes. The transcription abundance and expression level of genes annotated as anthocyanidin reductase (ANR1, ANR2), basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH1), and glutathione S-transferases (GST1) were significantly upregulated in B, and the expression of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) was highest in B except for N. However, chalcone isomerase (CHI2) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR1, DFR2) were expressed at significantly lower levels in P, W, and Y. Correlation analysis revealed that bHLH1 might act as a positive regulator of ANS expression, promoting anthocyanin synthesis. Moreover, GST1-encoded proteins may be related to the accumulation and transport of both anthocyanin and procyanidin in the calla lily spathe. It is speculated that the formation of the black spathe is related to the accumulation of anthocyanins and procyanidins. However, the low expression of CHI2, DFR1, and DFR2 may result in the inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis, which may lead to lightening of the spathe color. This preliminary study revealed the mechanism responsible for calla lily spathe color, identifying the key genes involved, thus providing effective gene resources and a theoretical basis for flower color molecular breeding.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and chemical analyses to identify candidate genes involved in color variation of sainfoin flowers

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Qiao ◽  
Qiming Cheng ◽  
Yutong Zhang ◽  
Wei Yan ◽  
Fengyan Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Molecular Information ◽  
Illumina Hiseq4000 ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop) is not only a high-quality legume forage, but also a nectar-producing plant. Therefore, the flower color of sainfoin is an important agronomic trait, but the factors affecting its flower phenotype are still unclear. To gain insights into the regulatory networks associated with metabolic pathways of coloration compounds (flavonoids or anthocyanins) and identify the key genes, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the phenotype, metabolome and transcriptome of WF and AF of sainfoin. Results Delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin derivatives were the main anthocyanin compounds in the AF of sainfoin. These substances were not detected in the WF of sainfoin. The transcriptomes of WF and AF in sainfoin at the S1 and S3 stages were obtained using the Illumina HiSeq4000 platform. Overall, 10,166 (4273 upregulated and 5893 downregulated) and 15,334 (8174 upregulated and 7160 downregulated) DEGs were identified in flowers at S1 and S3 stages, respectively (WF-VS-AF). KEGG pathway annotations showed that 6396 unigenes were annotated to 120 pathways and contained 866 DEGs at S1 stages, and 6396 unigenes were annotated to 131 pathways and included 1546 DEGs at the S3 stage. Nine DEGs belonging to the “flavonoid biosynthesis”and “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” pathways involved in flower color formation were identified and verified by RT-qPCR analyses. Among these DEGs, 4CL3, FLS, ANS, CHS, DFR and CHI2 exhibited downregulated expression, and F3H exhibited upregulated expression in the WF compared to the AF, resulting in a decrease in anthocyanin synthesis and the formation of WF in sainfoin. Conclusions This study is the first to use transcriptome technology to study the mechanism of white flower formation in sainfoin. Our transcriptome data will be a great enrichment of the genetic information for sainfoin. In addition, the data presented herein will provide valuable molecular information for genetic breeding and provide insight into the future study of flower color polymorphisms in sainfoin.

scholarly journals Differential expressions of anthocyanin synthesis genes underlie flower color divergence in a sympatric Rhododendron sanguineum complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Jiang Ye ◽  
Michael Mӧller ◽  
Ya-Huang Luo ◽  
Jia-Yun Zou ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Flower Color Polymorphism

Abstract Background The Rhododendron sanguineum complex is endemic to alpine mountains of northwest Yunnan and southeast Tibet of China. Varieties in this complex exhibit distinct flower colors even at the bud stage. However, the underlying molecular regulations for the flower color variation have not been well characterized. Here, we investigated this via measuring flower reflectance profiles and comparative transcriptome analyses on three coexisting varieties of the R. sanguineum complex, with yellow flush pink, bright crimson, and deep blackish crimson flowers respectively. We compared the expression levels of differentially-expressed-genes (DEGs) of the anthocyanin / flavonoid biosynthesis pathway using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data. We performed clustering analysis based on transcriptome-derived Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) data, and finally analyzed the promoter architecture of DEGs. Results Reflectance spectra of the three color morphs varied distinctively in the range between 400 and 700 nm, with distinct differences in saturation, brightness, hue, and saturation/hue ratio, an indirect measurement of anthocyanin content. We identified 15,164 orthogroups that were shared among the three varieties. The SNP clustering analysis indicated that the varieties were not monophyletic. A total of 40 paralogous genes encoding 12 enzymes contributed to the flower color polymorphism. These anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were associated with synthesis, modification and transportation properties (RsCHS, RsCHI, RsF3H, RsF3′H, RsFLS, RsANS, RsAT, RsOMT, RsGST), as well as genes involved in catabolism and degradation (RsBGLU, RsPER, RsCAD). Variations in sequence and cis-acting elements of these genes might correlate with the anthocyanin accumulation, thus may contribute to the divergence of flower color in the R. sanguineum complex. Conclusions Our results suggested that the varieties are very closely related and flower color variations in the R. sanguineum complex correlate tightly with the differential expression levels of genes involved in the anabolic and catabolic synthesis network of anthocyanin. Our study provides a scenario involving intricate relationships between genetic mechanisms for floral coloration accompanied by gene flow among the varieties that may represent an early case of pollinator-mediated incipient sympatric speciation.

scholarly journals Flower Color Diversity Revealed by Differential Expression of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Genes in Sacred Lotus

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjie Wang ◽  
Yeqing Chen ◽  
Man Yuan ◽  
Zeyun Xue ◽  
Qijiang Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Sacred Lotus

Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is an important aquatic ornamental plant which contains several diverse flower colors, but the underlying mechanisms of its flower coloration remain unclear. In this study, seven complementary DNA (cDNA) clones of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, including chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), were isolated and characterized. Moreover, expression patterns of these seven genes and pigment profiles were investigated across four N. nucifera cultivars with different flower colors: Zhongguohongbeijing [ZGH (red)], Xinghuafen [XHF (pink)], Molingqiuse [MLQS (yellow)], and Zhufengcuiying [ZFCY (white)]. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that during flower development, transcripts of early biosynthetic genes (NnCHS, NnCHI, and NnF3H) were abundant at the early stage; noticeably, highest expression of NnCHI in MLQS probably induced abundant anthoxanthin synthesis and displayed yellow. Expression of late biosynthetic genes, especially NnDFR and NnANS, was generally consistent with change patterns of anthocyanins in ZGH and XHF, but NnF3′H was barely detectable in the pink cultivars. Meanwhile, negligible expression of NnDFR and NnANS was detected in MLQS and ZFCY, respectively, which blocked their colored anthocyanin biosynthesis. Spatial expression analysis revealed that most flavonoid biosynthetic genes were highly expressed in floral tissues, rather than leaves. These results suggest that in N. nucifera cultivars with different flower colors, flavonoid biosynthesis is differentially regulated by the expression of these flavonoid biosynthetic genes, among which, NnCHI, NnF3′H, NnDFR, and NnANS are supposed to be critical for pigment accumulation, and therefore, affect different flower coloration.

scholarly journals Anthocyanin Synthesis and the Expression Patterns of bHLH Transcription Factor Family during Development of the Chinese Jujube Fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianqian Shi ◽  
Xi Li ◽  
Jiangtao Du ◽  
Xingang Li
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Protein Sequences ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Jujube Fruit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Changing Patterns

The basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family is an important transcription factor for eukaryotes and is involved in a wide range of biological activities. Among these, bHLH can interaction with WD repeat (WD40 or WDR) and V-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) form a ternary complex to promote the efficient synthesis of anthocyanins. In this study, a total of 138 jujube bHLH (ZjbHLH) family members were screened from the transcriptome of the two jujube cultivars, ‘Junzao’ (JZ) and ‘Tailihong’ (TLH). Of these, 95 ZjbHLH genes were mapped to 12 chromosomes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 27 arabidopsis bHLH (AtbHLH) protein sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and 138 ZjbHLH protein sequences of jujube. The results show that the ZjbHLH family of jujube can be divided into 12 subfamilies. The three candidate genes, ZjGL3a, ZjGL3b and ZjTT8, related to anthocyanin synthesis, were classified into subgroup III. Meanwhile, ZjGL3a, ZjGL3b and ZjTT8 have high homology with the bHLH transcription factors involved in anthocyanin synthesis in other plants. In addition, it was found that the jujube ZjbHLH transcript family showed changing patterns of expression during fruit development. The relative expression levels of ZjGL3a, ZjGL3 and ZjTT8 were consistent with the changes of the anthocyanin contents in the two jujube cultivars examined. To better understand the anthocyanin synthesis pathway involved in ZjbHLH, a regulatory pathway model for anthocyanin synthesis was constructed. This model involves the processes of anthocyanin signal transduction, synthesis and transport.

scholarly journals Candidate genes associated with red colour formation revealed by comparative genomic variant analysis of red- and green-skinned fruits of Japanese apricot (Prunus mume)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Ni ◽  
Song Xue ◽  
Shahid Iqbal ◽  
Wanxu Wang ◽  
Zhaojun Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Prunus Mume ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Japanese Apricot ◽  
Wide Range

The red-skinned fruit of Japanese apricot (Prunus mumeSieb. et Zucc) appeals to customers due to its eye-catching pigmentation, while the mechanism related to its colour formation is still unclear. In this study, genome re-sequencing of six Japanese apricot cultivars was carried out with approximately 92.2 Gb of clean bases using next-generation sequencing. A total of 32,004 unigenes were assembled with an average of 83.1% coverage rate relative to reference genome. A wide range of genetic variation was detected, including 7,387,057 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 456,222 insertions or deletions and 129,061 structural variations in all genomes. Comparative sequencing data revealed that 13 candidate genes were involved in biosynthesis of anthocyanin. Significantly higher expression patterns were observed in genes encoding three anthocyanin synthesis structural genes (4CL,F3HandUFGT), five transcription factors (MYB–bHLH–WD40 complexes and NAC) and five anthocyanin accumulation related genes (GST1,RT1,UGT85A2, ABC and MATE transporters) in red-skinned than in green-skinned Japanese apricots using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Eight main kinds of anthocyanin s were detected by UPLC/MS, and cyanidin 3-glucoside was identified as the major anthocyanin (124.2 mg/kg) in red-skinned cultivars. The activity of UDP-glucose flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase enzyme determined by UPLC was significantly higher in all red-skinned cultivars, suggesting that it is the potential vital regulatory gene for biosynthesis of anthocyanin in Japanese apricot.

scholarly journals Hybrid-Transcriptome Sequencing and Associated Metabolite Analysis Reveal Putative Genes Involved in Flower Color Difference in Rose Mutants

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Huang ◽  
Furong Lin ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Yongqi Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Differentially Expressed Gene ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Metabolite Analysis ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Rose Petal ◽  
The Rose

Gene mutation is a common phenomenon in nature that often leads to phenotype differences, such as the variations in flower color that frequently occur in roses. With the aim of revealing the genomic information and inner mechanisms, the differences in the levels of both transcription and secondary metabolism between a pair of natural rose mutants were investigated by using hybrid RNA-sequencing and metabolite analysis. Metabolite analysis showed that glycosylated derivatives of pelargonidin, e.g., pelargonidin 3,5 diglucoside and pelargonidin 3-glucoside, which were not detected in white flowers (Rosa ‘Whilte Mrago Koster’), constituted the major pigments in pink flowers. Conversely, the flavonol contents of petal, such as kaempferol-3-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, and rutin, were higher in white flowers. Hybrid RNA-sequencing obtained a total of 107,280 full-length transcripts in rose petal which were annotated in major databases. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was significantly different, e.g., CHS, FLS, DFR, LDOX, which was verified by qRT-PCR during flowering. Additionally, two MYB transcription factors were found and named RmMYBAN2 and RmMYBPA1, and their expression patterns during flowering were also analyzed. These findings indicate that these genes may be involved in the flower color difference in the rose mutants, and competition between anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis is a primary cause of flower color variation, with its regulation reflected by transcriptional and secondary metabolite levels.

Relationship Between the Composition of Anthocyanins and Flower Color Variation in Hardy Water Lily (Nymphaea spp.) Cultivars

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-453
Author(s):  
Zhu Manlan ◽  
Wang Liangsheng ◽  
Zhang Huijin ◽  
Xu Yanjun ◽  
Zheng Xuchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Water Lily

Bioinfomatics Analysis of the Anthocyanidin synthase Gene in Tree Peony

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 1181-1184
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao Zhang ◽  
Yan Wei Cheng ◽  
Hui Yuan Ya ◽  
Chao Yun ◽  
Jian Ming Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Tree Peony ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Transcriptome Database ◽  
Color Modification

Anthocyanin mainly responsible for flowers color in many plant species, it also accumulated in response to lots of environmental stress to reduce the damage to plant cell. Anthocyanin synthesis (ANS) protein is an important synthetase participated in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we isolated the PsANS gene from transcriptome database built by our previous study. The PsANS gene contain an 1050bp open reading frame encoding 349 amino acid, phylogenetic analysis revealed that PsANS was segrated into a group with ANS from others plant species. Secondary and thri-dimension structure prediction also revealed that it may have similar function with ANS in others plant species. The identified PsANS gene would be helpful for further research in flower color modification and resistance breeding.

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