scholarly journals Optical properties of honey: FTIR spectroscopy and refractometry

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-641
Author(s):  
A. P. Nechiporenko ◽  
O. S. Vezo ◽  
U. Yu. Nechiporenko ◽  
L. V. Plotnikova ◽  
V. E. Sitnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Liquid Crystal Structure ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Crystallisation Rate

115 samples of honey of various botanical types, geographical origin and harvest year (2019– 2021) were analysed using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy of impaired total reflection, refractometry and biochemical analysis. Initial honey samples in liquid and crystallised states were investigated. Crystalline D-glucopyranose (glucose), D-fructopyranose (fructose), their 40% solutions and invert sugar were used as auxiliary substances. Biochemical analysis was used to determine the glucose content in honey samples. Based on the obtained data, a relationship between the results of biochemical analysis and refractometry (refractive index, the content of invert sugars, humidity) was established. We deduced equations that allow the content of glucose and fructose in honey to be evaluated by the refractive index. Studying honey by IR spectroscopy showed that all investigated samples, regardless of the botanical and geographical origins, can be classified into three groups dominated by: I – glucose, II – fructose and III – mixed, with a close content of two monosaccharides. This allowed the bands characteristic of α- and β-pyranose forms of glucose and fructose to be identified, as well as the nature of their changes depending on the ratio of both monosaccharides in honey as a result of their crystallisation to be assessed. It is noted that the ratio of monosaccharides determines not only the stability of the liquid crystal structure and crystallisation rate in honey but also their optical, biochemical and nutritional properties, which are important for the preferred use of honey in medical and pharmacopoeial practice, dietetics and cosmetology.

scholarly journals Using Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Apparatus to Investigate the Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties of Water, Ice, and Tissue-Representative Fats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltan Vilagosh ◽  
Alireza Lajevardipour ◽  
Dominique Appadoo ◽  
Saulius Juodkazis ◽  
Andrew Wood
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Minimal Sample ◽  
Emulsified Water

A novel method of investigating the temperature dependent variation of aspects of the complex refractive index n* in samples in the THz range using continuous, non-polarised, synchrotron radiation is presented. The method relies on the use of ATR apparatus, and retains the advantage of minimal sample preparation, which is a feature of ATR techniques. The method demonstrates the viability of rapidly monitoring temperature reflectance whilst continuously heating or cooling samples by using a temperature variable Thermal Sample Stage. The method remains useful when the refractive index of the sample precludes attenuated total reflection study. This is demonstrated with the water reflectance experiments. The temperature dependent ATR reflectance of tissue-representative fats (lard and Lurpak® butter) was investigated with the novel approach. Both are within the ATR range of the diamond crystal in a “true” ATR mode. Lard showed no clear temperature variation between -15 0C and 24 0C at 0.7 to 1.15 THz or 1.70 to 2.25 THz. Lard can be regarded as having invariable, constant, dielectric properties within mixtures when biological substances are being assessed for temperature dependent dielectric variation within the stated THz ranges. Lurpak® butter (water content 14.7%) displayed temperature dependent reflectance features with a steady decline in reflectivity with increasing temperature. This is in line with the temperature-dependent behaviour of liquid water. There is no rapid change in reflectance, even at -20 0C, suggesting that emulsified water retains liquid-water-like THz properties at freezing temperatures.

Absolute Absorption Intensity and Dispersion Measurements on Some Organic Liquids in the Infrared

1980 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Goplen ◽  
D. G. Cameron ◽  
R. N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Absorption Intensity ◽  
Transmission Measurements ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectra

The infrared absorption spectra and corresponding dispersion spectra of the following liquids have been measured over the range 4200 to 250 cm−1: cyclo-C5H10, CH3·NO2, CH3·CN, CH2Br2, CH2Cl2, CBrCl3, CCl4, C6H6, C6H5·CH3, C6H5Cl, C6H5Br, C6H5I, and C6F6. The spectra were measured in the absence of solvent and the results are reported as the real and imaginary components of the complex refractive index ( n, k). The experimental technique combines transmission measurements through thin films and attenuated total reflection measurements by a method which has been described previously. The complete spectral and dispersion curves are displayed graphically; the absorption maxima are tabulated as absorption indices ( kmax) and as molar absorption coefficients (εmax). The dispersion extrema ( nmin, nmax) are also listed and the experimental uncertainties in these quantities are evaluated. Provision is made to supply the complete optical constant data on magnetic tape at encoded intervals of 0.5 cm−1.

Improvements in the Use of Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Dichroism for Measuring Surface Orientation in Polymers

1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil J. Everall ◽  
Arran Bibby
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Surface Orientation ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Specular Reflectance ◽  
Measuring Surface ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Orientation Parameters

Improvements in the use of attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) dichroism for measuring surface orientation in polymer films are described, with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as an example material. It is shown that normalizing band intensities relative to a nondichroic band, prior to calculating dichroic ratios, eliminates the need to maintain identical contact areas/pressures when removing, rotating, and reclamping samples to the ATR element, which has been a major historical drawback to this technique. The normalization is vital; it makes the calculated dichroic ratios largely insensitive to variations in sample/prism contact area, and less sensitive to uncertainties in the refractive indices and birefringence of the polymer. For PET, it is shown that the birefringence can be neglected in the analysis, and a single approximate refractive index used. This is a significant benefit since the birefringence will vary as a function of orientation and crystallinity. Polymers that are much more birefringent than PET can also be analyzed by using the formalism described in this paper, provided that the three independent indices are known. This paper is presented in two parts; first, equations are derived which allow the calculation of all second-order orientation parameters ( P200, P220, P202, and P222), and the averaged squared direction cosines, from the normalized ATR dichroic ratios. Second, we show how a single-reflection diamond ATR unit is an ideal tool for this work, since it allows small, hard, or irregularly shaped samples to be examined without fear of damaging the ATR element. We illustrate the technique using data obtained from a series of uniaxially drawn films, and one biaxially drawn film, using a commercially available accessory. From these data, orientation parameters were calculated as a function of draw ratio and compared with those obtained from specular-reflectance FT-IR and birefringence analysis of the same samples. The method should be applicable to any polymer provided that (1) a suitable nondichroic band is available for normalization and (2) the largest polymer refractive index lies well below that of the ATR element (2.4 in the case of diamond). It must be realized that condition 1 is not trivial; careful investigation is required to identify truly nondichroic bands (if any exist for the polymer of interest).

scholarly journals Attenuated Total Reflection at THz Wavelengths: Peculiarities of Total Internal Reflection and Polariscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meguya Ryu ◽  
Soon Hock Ng ◽  
Vijayakumar Anand ◽  
Stefan Lundgaard ◽  
Jingwen Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Refractive Index Change ◽  
High Refractive Index ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Internal Reflection ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
Frustrated Total Internal Reflection

Capabilities of the Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) at THz wavelengths for increased sub-surface depth characterisation of (bio-)materials is presented. The penetration depth of a THz evanescent wave in biological samples is dependent on the wavelength and temperature and can reach 0.1-0.5 mm depth due to strong refractive index change ∼0.4 of the ice-water transition; this is quite significant and important when studying biological samples. Technical challenges are discussed when using ATR for uneven, heterogeneous, high refractive index samples with possibility of frustrated total internal reflection (a breakdown of the ATR reflection-mode into transmission-mode). Local field enhancements at the interface are discussed with numerical/analytical examples. Maxwell’s scaling was used to model behaviour of absorber-scatterer inside materials at the interface with ATR prism for realistic complex refractive indices of bio-materials. Modality of ATR with polarisation analysis is proposed and its principle illustrated, opening an invitation for its experimental validation. The sensitivity of the polarised ATR mode to the refractive index between the sample and ATR prism is revealed. Design principles of polarisation active optical elements and spectral filters are outlined. The results and concepts are based on experiments carried out at the THz beamline of the Australian Synchrotron.

scholarly journals Attenuated Total Reflection at THz Wavelengths: Prospective Use of Total Internal Reflection and Polariscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7632
Author(s):  
Meguya Ryu ◽  
Soon Hock Ng ◽  
Vijayakumar Anand ◽  
Stefan Lundgaard ◽  
Jingwen Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Refractive Index Change ◽  
High Refractive Index ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Internal Reflection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Frustrated Total Internal Reflection

Capabilities of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) at THz wavelengths for increased sub-surface depth characterisation of (bio-)materials are presented. The penetration depth of a THz evanescent wave in biological samples is dependent on the wavelength and temperature and can reach 0.1–0.5 mm depth, due to the strong refractive index change ∼0.4 of the ice-water transition; this is quite significant and important when studying biological samples. Technical challenges are discussed when using ATR for uneven, heterogeneous, high refractive index samples with the possibility of frustrated total internal reflection (a breakdown of the ATR reflection mode into transmission mode). Local field enhancements at the interface are discussed with numerical/analytical examples. Maxwell’s scaling is used to model the behaviour of absorber–scatterer inside the materials at the interface with the ATR prism for realistic complex refractive indices of bio-materials. The modality of ATR with a polarisation analysis is proposed, and its principle is illustrated, opening an invitation for its experimental validation. The sensitivity of the polarised ATR mode to the refractive index between the sample and ATR prism is numerically modelled and experimentally verified for background (air) spectra. The design principles of polarisation active optical elements and spectral filters are outlined. The results and proposed concepts are based on experimental conditions at the THz beamline of the Australian Synchrotron.

Optical Depth Profiling by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A New Approach

1996 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1187-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanong Ekgasit ◽  
Hatsuo Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Depth Profiling ◽  
Refractive Index Profile ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Index Profile

A new analytical technique for depth profiling using multiple-angle attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been developed. The analysis does not require prior knowledge of the profile of the complex refractive indices with respect to depth from the surface for the depth profiling calculation. This depth profiling analysis consists of two steps. First, the estimated complex refractive index profile is obtained by solving a set of linear equations of absorptance. Second, the reflectances from experiment are non-linearly fitted with those from exact optical theory. The estimated complex refractive index profile from the first step is used as a trial profile for the fitting. The converged complex refractive index profile from the fitting is then defined as the reconstructed complex refractive index profile of the film. The noise-added reflectances are used as experimental data to show the applicability of the new analytical approach.

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