scholarly journals Evaluation of the sole and integrated application of nano-graphene oxide, zeolite, and chitosan on gas exchanges and silymarin content of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under salinity stress

Author(s):  
Sara Safikhan ◽  
Mohammad Reza Chaichi

Identifying environmental factors, plant characteristics, and agronomic activities plays an essential role in medicinal plant production. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) is a well-known medicinal plant with extensive use in diverse liver diseases and is economically a significant crop. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of the sole and integrated applications of graphene oxide (GO), zeolite, and chitosan as modifying materials on gas exchange and the secondary metabolites of milk thistle under severe salinity stress. Seven sole and integrated combinations of nano-materials comprised of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, and control (T8, no nano-materials application) and two levels of saline water (12 ds/m) and tap water (control, 0.8 ds/m) were applied to the soil of experimental plots based on a factorial design with three replications. The results showed that the highest photosynthesis rate was obtained with T7 treatment for both water treatments. The highest plant silymarin concentration was obtained from the T6 treatment under both saline and tap water conditions. This treatment increased the silymarin concentration by 15.9% compared to the T8. The highest plant silymarin yield (180 mg per plant) was recorded for the T7 under tap water (control) condition, and 130.3 mg/plant for T6 under salinity stress, respectively. The Transmission Electron Microscope technology indicated that GO at low concentration (0.01%) could be safely used to enhance milk thistle germination and growth under severe salinity stress conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
O. Rudnyk-Ivashchenko ◽  
L. Mykhal’ska ◽  
V. Schwartau

Aim. To investigate the content of heavy metals in the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) and in the product of its processing – oil. To reveal possible changes in the concentration of heavy metals in the years of cultivating this plant. Methods. The fi eld and spectrometric methods were applied; the results were processed using the technologies, common for agriculture, plant production and statistics. Results. The content of heavy metals in the seeds of milk thistle was defi ned. It was determined that their concentration exceeds maximal acceptable coeffi cient for the medicinal plant material. It was established that in 2013 the seeds of milk thistle accumulated several times more Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mo, Sr, V compared to the indices of 2014, while Al, Co, Ag were found only in the samples of the seeds, harvested in 2013. Conclusions. As the regulatory documents regarding many relevant elements, which belong to heavy metals, do not specify maximal accept- able coeffi cients for the content of the latter in the medicinal plant material, it is reasonable to conduct complex studies, involving the specialists of relevant fi elds, in order to stipulate this gradation. In the Kyiv region the milk thistle plants accumulate a large amount of such heavy metals as cadmium, manganese, strontium, and zinc, which exceeds maximal acceptable degrees of accumulation and testifi es to partial pollution of region soils. It was established that the concentration of the main part of heavy metals in the product of processing milk thistle – oil – is decreased to the value under the threshold of analytic devices. This fact proves the pros- pects of growing milk thistle for industrial processing purposes.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (06) ◽  
pp. 931-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Safikhan ◽  
◽  
Mohammad Reza Chaichi ◽  
Korous Khoshbakht ◽  
Abbas Amini ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
M. A. Dorri ◽  
B. Kamkar ◽  
M. Aghdasi ◽  
A. R. Safahani

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is used as a medicinal plant in the treatment of liver diseases. In order to investigate germination and seedling growth in S. marianum subjected to NaCl, a three replicated experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design in the laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Treatments included seven salinity levels (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 mM) and a control (distilled water). Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), seed-ling vigour index (SVI), shoot, root and seedling weight were measured. The effect of salinity levels was significant on GP, SVI, MGT and seedling weight and length (p ≤ 0.01). However, the NaCl concentration effect was not significant on shoot : root length ratio and or shoot : root weight ratios. Results showed that germination decreased when salinity increased, while MGT increased. MGT was 1.75 times higher than in the control at the highest salt concentration. MGT difference was not significant between 75 mM NaCl and con-trol, while it dramatically increased by increasing the NaCl concentration from 150 to 200 mM NaCl. Reduc-tion slope and salt tolerance index (STI) were estimated for germination (0.54 and 231.9) and seedling stage (0.24 and 237.4). According to the results, milk thistle could be considered as a valuable medicinal plant in fairly salinized areas.


2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Karimzedah ◽  
R. Omidbaigi ◽  
Bakhshai D.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) has been used in medicine since ancient times, but it has been cultivated as a medicinal plant only in recent decades. The ripe fruit of milk thistle contains flavonoids, which are used to prepare anti-hepatotoxic drugs. The main purpose of this study was to substantiate the effects of irrigation and row spacing on growth, seed yield and the content of active substances (silybin and silymarin) in milk thistle. The results showed that the suitable amount of irrigation was 20 mm and the appropriate row spacing was 25 cm.  


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noreen Zahra ◽  
Abdul Wahid ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Hafeez ◽  
Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni ◽  
Tariq Shah ◽  
...  

AbstractSilybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (Astraceae) is a well-reputed medicinal plant mostly utilized for silymarin (Sily) content and oil production, however, the information about Sily contents in achene part is still fragmented under different climatic conditions. In this study four milk thistle ecotypes from Faisalabad (FSD), Gujranwala (GUJ), Quetta (QTA), and Kallar kahar (KK) having an altered achene color were analyzed under salt stress. Application of plant growth promoters (PGPs) is one of the solution for ameliorating the effect of salinity and increasing the quantity and quality traits of milk thistle, so ascorbic acid (AsA), thiourea (TU), and moringa leaf extract (MLE) were soil supplied after developing salinity stress (120 mM with irrigation) at germination stage. Predetermined levels were selected for PGPs such as AsA (500 µM), MLE (3%), and TU (250 µM). Results revealed that all yield related attributes were significantly decreased, while secondary metabolites, pericarp epidermis, pericarp parenchyma, and pericarp seed integument increased under salinity stress. Data suggested that PGPs treatment was helpful to alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity stress and enhance the milk thistle quality and quantity parameters. The ecotypic variations with altered achene color patterns represent an advantage for QTA ecotypes for higher Sily extraction under salt stressed conditions.


Author(s):  
Shobha Soni ◽  
Nirmala Sehrawat ◽  
Naresh Kumar ◽  
Charu Lata ◽  
Ashwani Kumar ◽  
...  

Background: Rapid global warming associated with abiotic stresses particularly salinity stress directly poses a major challenge to the present-day agriculture. Wheat is moderately sensitive crop that occupies the largest total harvested area among the cereals including rice and maize. Durum wheat is considered as a less tolerant to bread wheat, hence, the study aims to investigate the response of durum wheat genotypes under salinity stress. Methods: A randomised block design experiment involving five durum wheat genotypes viz; HI 8737, HD 4728, HD 4730, MACS 3972 and HI 8708 and two levels of salinity i.e. normal water (Control) and saline water (ECiw -10.0 dSm-1) was conducted with three replications during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The observations on different physico-biochemical parameters were recorded in roots as well as shoots at the vegetative stage. Result: Salinity of 10 dS m-1 water caused 26.36% reduction in the chlorophyll content in comparison to control. Among osmolytes, salinity stress caused dual response i.e. limits the accumulation of TSS in roots whereas it enhanced the TSS accumulation in shoot, while reverse trend was noted for proteins. Salt stress enhanced the accumulation of proline and antioxidative enzymes activities in both root and shoot in comparison to control.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-102
Author(s):  
Hossam Ahmed Ashour ◽  
Sanaa Esmail Ahmed Esmail ◽  
Mohamed Salah Kotb

Abstract Pots experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of bio-stimulators chitosan (CHT) or humic acid (HA) on Vitex trifolia ‘Purpurea’ exposed to salinity stress. Salinity stress was imposed by irrigation with saline water at concentration of 1000, 2500 and 5000 ppm, in addition to control (280 ppm), plants exposed to salinity were sprayed every 4 weeks with either CHT at concentrations of 30, 60 and 90 ppm or HA at concentrations of 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm, while control plants sprayed only with tap water. The results showed that, with increasing salinity stress all vegetative growth parameters were decreased and chemical constituents including total chlorophylls total carbohydrates, K+ %, Ca2+ % and K+/Na+ ratio were reduced. In contrast, elevating salinity stress increased contents of proline, total phenolic, Na+ %, Cl− %. On the other hand, foliar application of either CHT or HA had favorable impact on increasing vegetative traits and chemical compositions, meanwhile reducing accumulation of total phenolic, Na+ and Cl− % toxic ions in leaves, HA was generally more effective than CHT. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, CHT or HA at high concentration was the best effective treatments; however, HA was superior and economic treatment recommended for alleviating the adverse impact of salinity stress on Vitex trifolia ‘Purpurea’ plants irrigated with saline water at concentration up to 5000 ppm.


2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 538-544
Author(s):  
Ivana Safrankova ◽  
Kolackova P ◽  
Rutivckova G

Milk thistle is grown in the Czech Republic as a medicinal herb; silymarin is isolated from its achenes and used for the production of liver and gallbladder medicine. The quality and content of the active compound is influenced not only by environmental factors, but also by pests and pathogens. The occurrence of pests of milk thistle variety Silyb was observed in two localities during the years 2011 2013. In the year 2011 the mycoflora of seeds of four milk thistle varieties was determined. Representatives of 15 species were isolated from the seeds, most of them saprophytic. 21 fungal species were isolated and identified from milk thistle plants during the vegetation; Septoria silybi among the most important ones. Possibilities of protection of milt thistle against pathogens are discussed.


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