Legal Informatics

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Informatics

Distinguishing between Knowledge Visualization and Knowledge Rrpresentation in Legal Informatics

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytautas Čyras
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Knowledge Visualization ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Legal Informatics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Legal Knowledge Representation ◽  
Legal Domain

Knowledge visualization (KV) and knowledge representation (KR) are distinguished, though both are knowledge management processes. Knowledge visualization is subject to humans, whereas knowledge representation – to computers. In computing, knowledge representation leverages reasoning of software agents. Thus, KR is a branch of artificial intelligence. The subject matter of KR is representation methods. They are classified into (1) knowledge level and symbol level representations; (2) procedural and declarative representations; (3) logic-based, rule-based, frame- or object-based representations (supporting inference by inheritance); and (4) semantic networks. In legal informatics, methods of legal knowledge representation (LKR) are dealt with. An essential feature of LKR is the representation of deep knowledge, which is mainly tacit. It is easily understood by professional jurists and hardly by amateurs from outside law. This knowledge comprises the teleology of law and a whole implicit framework of legal system. The paper focuses on (1) identifying key features of KV and KR in the legal domain; and (2) distinguishing between visualization, symbolization, formalisation and mind mapping.

Situation versus Case and Two Kinds of Legal Subsumption

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytautas Čyras ◽  
Friedrich Lachmayer
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Legal Informatics

This paper attempts to separate legal informatics methods which deal with situations and cases respectively. The aim is to base the distinctions on the legal theory and to develop a theoretical framework. A comparison is presented in the table which lists distinctions. We make an attempt to describe key elements of such a theory and to provide a notation (conceptualisation). Informational processes in legal informatics are in the focus. The notions of terminological subsumption and legal subsumption are attributed to cases and not to situations and are visualised «vertically». They make a distinction from cases that are visualised on the «horizontal» Is stage.

Visualization of Hajime Yoshino’s Logical Jurisprudence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytautas Čyras ◽  
Friedrich Lachmayer
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Pure Theory ◽  
Important Concept ◽  
Legal Informatics ◽  
Legal Domain ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
Legal Ontologies

Hajime Yoshino’s Logical Jurisprudence (LJ) is an important concept in legal informatics. Yoshino aims for a logic-based systematization in the legal domain. He focuses on legal reasoning and systematization. Inevitably, embracing law as a whole brings us to Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law. In sum, three issues are important in LJ: logic, Kelsen and legal informatics. In this paper we aim to visualize the architecture of LJ. We suggest expanding this with legal ontologies and words. The granularity of word-phrase-sentence-text is about different methods which apply to different units.

scholarly journals Visualization of Legal Informatics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Lachmayer ◽  
Vytautas Čyras
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
Current Topic ◽  
Legal Informatics ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

This paper explores the subject matter of legal informatics. The life-long work of the first author concerning the visualization and coding of statutes is generalized. Besides positive law and customary law, the emergence of machine law is a current topic of focus in the literature. In machine law, legal acts are posited by machines and not by humans (primarily in a situational context). The transformation of a legal act to a legal document can happen in two ways. First, it is a transformation of the legal act into explicit punctuation, for example, for announcement in the case of laws or for written execution in the case of judgments, and, second, as a trend towards electronic documents. Legal theory forms a meta-level to the law and similarly legal informatics forms a meta-level to legal information. Legal informatics in Austria is based on the work of Ota Weinberger, Ilmar Tammelo and Leo Reisinger and has been developed by Erich Schweighofer in the framework of the IRIS conferences. Legal informatics is distinguished from legal information, whereas legal logic and meta-theories appear on top of legal informatics. In terms of syntax, machine culture is characterized by formal notations. Notations of legal logic are just the beginning; the target is a technical notation, a basis for programming. Visualizations are in the middle. On the one hand, visualizations serve to understand people by breaking away from the textual; on the other hand, by emphasizing the formal they form a bridge to machines. Legal text can be translated directly into formal languages, but visualizations can facilitate this task as an intermediate methodological step. Hans-Georg Fill’s metamodeling can be seen as a metameta-level.

Enterprise architects concern legal requirements for the compliance with the law

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytautas Čyras ◽  
Reinhard Riedl
Keyword(s):  
Requirements Engineering ◽  
Enterprise Architecture ◽  
Requirements Elicitation ◽  
Enterprise Engineering ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Legal Informatics ◽  
The Law ◽  
Compliance With The Law ◽  
Laws And Regulations

This paper addresses enterprise architecture (EA) compliance framework. A meth-odology to check EA non-compliance with laws and regulations is still a challenge. We think that a compliance methodology should take into account “shared” relevant laws and a requirements engineering framework. We continue discussing the view of enterprise architects on legal informatics which was proposed by Reinhard Riedl. We reflect mainly on two articles: Riedl (2011) and Čaplinskas (2009) who proposes a vision driven approach on requirements elicitation in the context of enterprise engineering.

Distributive Multimedia and Multisensory Legal Machines

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Lachmayer ◽  
Vytautas Čyras
Keyword(s):  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Cognitive Patterns ◽  
Legal Informatics ◽  
Legal Ontologies ◽  
Legal Procedures

Since Aristotle, legal philosophy explores and develops its concept of the iustitia distributiva. Currently, a trend in legal informatics both transforms and adopts long-established traditional cognitive patterns of (legal) philosophy. For example, it reveals the antique and medieval roots of (legal) ontologies. Similarly, new concepts of societal distribution can be elaborated in the context of multimedia and therefore multisensory legal machines. By reference to automats performing legal transactions, traffic lights, and ticket machines, we will explain new concepts of legal procedures. These concepts base on algorithms governing these procedures. Such distributive multimedia and hence multisensory legal machines are not only applications of legal informatics and e-government, but they can also be adequately analysed within the theoretical and practical framework of multisensory law. This new legal discipline in the making particularly focuses on the uni- and multisensory aspects and implications of the new ICT to which the machines at issue belong.

Analogical Methods in Legal Informatics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytautas Čyras ◽  
Friedrich Lachmayer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Dual Mode ◽  
Analogical Thinking ◽  
Basic Mode ◽  
The People ◽  
Legal Informatics ◽  
The Law ◽  
Mode A

The law occurs in a dual mode: a basic mode and an expert mode. In the basic mode, people predominantly experience the law in a situational and not a textual way. The people on the street move according to the consuetudinary law. In the expert mode, the law goes up textually to the professional lawyer. It becomes mostly about argumentation in professional language rather than natural language. Digitalisation encompasses both these modes. The extent to which digitalisation is visible is another issue. We argue that analogical thinking continues to be important in law and that this must be considered in legal informatics.

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