An Insight into the Polymeric Nanoparticles Applications in Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment

Author(s):  
Parisa Dehghani ◽  
Monireh Esameili Rad ◽  
Atefeh Zarepour ◽  
Ponnurengam Malliappan Sivakumar ◽  
Ali Zarrabi

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a type of chronic metabolic disease that has affected millions of people worldwide and is known with a defect in the amount of insulin secretion, insulin functions, or both. This deficiency leads to an increase in the amounts of glucose, which could be accompanied by long-term damages to other organs such as eyes, kidneys, heart, and nervous system. Thus, introducing an appropriate approach for diagnosis and treatment of different types of DM is the aim of several researches. By the emergence of nanotechnology and its application in medicine, new approaches were presented for these purposes. The object of this review article is to introduce different types of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), as one of the most important classes of nanoparticles, for diabetic management. To achieve this goal, at first, some of the conventional therapeutic and diagnostic methods of DM will be reviewed. Then, different types of PNPs, in two forms of natural and synthetic polymers with different properties, as a new method for DM treatment and diagnosis will be introduced. In the next section, the transport mechanisms of these types of nano-carriers across the epithelium, via paracellular and transcellular pathways will be explained. Finally, the clinical use of PNPs in the treatment and diagnosis of DM will be summarized. Based on the results of this literature review, PNPs could be considered one of the most promising methods for DM management.

2020 ◽  
pp. 026975802096197
Author(s):  
Vicky Heap

Despite victimological interest in the impacts of different types of criminal victimisation, there is little empirical work that examines the effects of sub-criminal behaviour on victims. This article begins to redress the balance by reporting the findings from a qualitative research project in England that investigated the effects of long-term anti-social behaviour victimisation. Semi-structured interviews explored victims’ accounts of the long-term anti-social behaviour they experienced and the resultant effects it had on their lives. The research uncovered that victims experience a range of mental and physical health effects as well as behavioural changes and has provided the first in-depth insight into the impact of this type of victimisation. The findings suggest the cumulative harms associated with anti-social behaviour need to be better acknowledged, understood and addressed, with greater support made available to victims.


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Cagri Talay ◽  
Volkan Alptekin

<p>The purpose of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of asymmetry in international supply chain relationships and investigate how small exporter firms manage these asymmetric relationships. Prior studies have conceptualized asymmetry as a relationship attribute and concentrated on causal effects of asymmetry in supplier-buyer relationships by highlighting the extensive amount of reasons why asymmetry occurs in dyadic relationships. However, those extensive reasons intent to articulate why asymmetry occurs in relationships, have not provided enough in-depth to understand the complexity of asymmetry in international supply chain relationships, therefore, this study aims to explore the concept of asymmetry by focusing on structure and exercise rather than simply discovering reasons. This research explores the four distinguishable types of relational asymmetry between exporters and importers suggest different implications for international supply chain relationships. As opposed to the existing literature, which has considered and largely agreed that asymmetry is related to a negative connotation, this research suggests that different types of asymmetries also have a positive relational outcome for small export firms. This exploratory paper provides managers with additional insight into the types of asymmetry in international supply chain relationships and suggests that asymmetric relationships must be examined carefully in order to overcome difficulties that distract long-term relationships.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
KIRILL A. SAKULIN ◽  
◽  
OLEG YU. KARPUKHIN ◽  

The variety of etiological causes of chronic constipation requires an individual approach to diagnosis and treatment. Outdated views do not consider a detailed examination of patients with long-term constipation. Today, surgical interventions for refractory colonic constipation are used more and more often and have begun to demonstrate positive outcomes. The choice of surgical intervention largely depends on the results of the detected abnormality of the structure and location of the colon, as well as on the functional state of its various parts.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-276
Author(s):  
D.I. Odarchenko ◽  
◽  
G.G. Dzyuba ◽  
S.A. Erofeev ◽  
N.K. Kuznetsov ◽  
...  

administration of corticosteroids or blood diseases. Early diagnosis is difficult, there is no conservative treatment protocol with proven effectiveness, and the organ-preserving surgical treatments which have been used may not always postpone hip arthroplasty. Arthroplasty provides good results in the short and long-term postoperative period, but the prevalence of this disease among young people requires developing new methods of conservative and operative treatment. Objective To determine the problems of diagnosis and treatment of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head; to study the experience of current approaches and concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of ANFH; determine the range of the most effective methods for treating this pathology; to establish the relevance of further research on this issue. Materials and methods Literature review was conducted of the sources from PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The material was selected that corresponded to the stated purpose of the research topic. For describing some aspects of the aetiology, pathogenesis and development of methods for diagnosing and treating ANFH, earlier publications (2009–2014) were also used. Results The main views on the aetiology and pathogenesis of ANFH have been studied. Classical and current diagnostic methods for ANFH were reviewed as well as current operative and conservative approaches to the treatment of this pathology. A review of the main classifications was conducted. Discussion Early detection and examination of at-risk patients plays an important role in the diagnosis of ANFH. The results of clinical trials on the use of bisphosphonates seem mixed, as the meta-analysis in five randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in 2016 showed no statistically significant improvement in patients with ANFH. Hyperbaric oxygenation reduces interstitial ischemia by increasing extracellular oxygen concentration and shows encouraging results. Core decompression is recognized as the standard care in the early stages of ANFH. At present, the use of combined treatment with bisphosphonates, core-decompression and mesenchymal stem cells has been investigated. Combined therapy may be effective in slowing the progression of collapse at an early stage of ANFH, but further research is needed to have long-term results. Conclusion Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head is a severe polyetiological disease that has not been sufficiently studied. For its diagnosis, it is necessary to take into account the possible risk factors and to ensure an early MRI study. At present, there is no data on a conservative method of treating the early stages of ANFH, which would have high evidence and effectiveness not only in the immediate, but also in the long-term follow-up. It is necessary to conduct additional prospective randomized clinical trials to determine the effectiveness of already known and developed methods of cell therapy in the treatment of ANFH.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1316-1323
Author(s):  
Carmel Capewell ◽  
Sue Ralph ◽  
Melissa Symonds

Introduction: The emotional impact of a diagnosis of breast cancer in women and listening to their affective needs is not widely reported in the literature. Recent policies globally emphasize the importance of incorporating patients’ views in treatment. The aim of the study was to provide insights for health care professionals and make recommendations based on patients’ experiences. Breast cancer survivorship is increasing, but the long-term support needs of such women are less understood. Method: This exploratory study asked 20 white women from 2 urban centers in the UK about their experience of diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer. It used an adaptation of the photovoice methodology to examine a health issue and identify issues of importance and relevance to patients. It recognizes their expertise in their situation. Results: The themes identified were: Fear/Shock; Waiting; Lack of Control; Communication/Practicalities; Body image changes; Specialist versus nonspecialist Centers/Staff; and Ongoing Support. Discussion: The women provided images, with a written summary of their meaning, and discussed them in groups. They identified good practice and suggestions for how to improve the experience of diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Conclusion: The photovoice methodology provides a low-cost, easy to implement a way for patients to provide insight into their experience and contribute their knowledge to improve clinical practice. Visual images and patients’ words allow clinicians to have greater insight into the environment and priorities of patients which could have implications for their response to treatment and long-term care.


2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.


2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sarah Hackett

Drawing upon a collection of oral history interviews, this paper offers an insight into entrepreneurial and residential patterns and behaviour amongst Turkish Muslims in the German city of Bremen. The academic literature has traditionally argued that Turkish migrants in Germany have been pushed into self-employment, low-quality housing and segregated neighbourhoods as a result of discrimination, and poor employment and housing opportunities. Yet the interviews reveal the extent to which Bremen’s Turkish Muslims’ performances and experiences have overwhelmingly been the consequences of personal choices and ambitions. For many of the city’s Turkish Muslim entrepreneurs, self-employment had been a long-term objective, and they have succeeded in establishing and running their businesses in the manner they choose with regards to location and clientele, for example. Similarly, interviewees stressed the way in which they were able to shape their housing experiences by opting which districts of the city to live in and by purchasing property. On the whole, they perceive their entrepreneurial and residential practices as both consequences and mediums of success, integration and a loyalty to the city of Bremen. The findings are contextualised within the wider debate regarding the long-term legacy of Germany’s post-war guest-worker system and its position as a “country of immigration”.


GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
T Yu Pestrikova ◽  
I V Yurasov ◽  
E A Yurasova

Medical, social and economic relevance of inflammatory diseases of the woman's reproductive organs requires a very careful attitude to the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. The number of patients with genital infections and inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs can takes the first place in structure of gynecological morbidity, and is 60.4-65.0%, and this fact is not unique to Russia, but all over the world. Incidence rate of inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs in the first decade of the twenty-first century is increased at 1.4 times in patients who are from 18 to 24 years old and at 1.8 times in patients aged 25-29 years. At the same time, the cost of diagnosis and treatment has increased, reaching 50-60% of the total cost of providing gynecological care for population. The inflammatory diseases of pelvic organs are a collective concept. It includes of various nosological forms. There are numerous contradictions in the views on diagnostic approaches and treatment tactics, the nature of screening and control over the long-term results of treatment, the etiological and pathogenetic significance of various microorganisms found in the genital tract in patients with inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs. Currently, there are many opinions among specialists about diagnostic approaches and treatment tactics, the type of screening and monitoring the long-term results of treatment, the etiological and pathogenetic role of various microorganisms which can be found in the genital tract in patients with inflammatory diseases. This review presents the results of a modern approach to the diagnosis, management and rehabilitation of patients with inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs.


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