Electroanalysis of Tricyclic Psychotropic Drugs using Modified Electrodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Habibi-Kool-Gheshlaghi ◽  
Farnoush Faridbod ◽  
Mahya Karami Mosammam ◽  
Mohammad Reza Ganjali
Keyword(s):  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Modified Electrodes ◽  
Electroanalytical Methods ◽  
Drug Assays ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Tricyclic Rings ◽  
Easy Operation

Background: Tricyclic psychotropic drugs are defined as a tricyclic rings of the dibenzazepine group with the presence of sulfur and nitrogen atoms. They have been prescribed for antidepressive therapy over the years. Due to their medical importance, many analytical methods have been developed for their monitoring. However, benefits of electrochemical techniques such as costeffectiveness, fast, easy operation and non-destructiveness make them appropriate analytical methods for drug assays. Electrochemical determinations of pharmaceuticals require suitable working electrodes. During years, many electrodes are modified by a variety of modifiers and several sensors were developed based on them. In this regard, nanomaterials, due to their remarkable properties, are one of the most important choices. Objective: Here, the application of electroanalytical methods in the determination of electroactive tricyclic psychotropic drugs will be reviewed and the nanomaterials which are used for improvements of the working electrodes will be considered.

A Review of Voltammetric Methods for Determination of Dopamine Agonists

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Ağin
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Dopamine Agonists ◽  
Modified Electrodes ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Electroanalytical Methods ◽  
Voltammetry Methods ◽  
Voltammetric Methods

Background: Dopamine agonists are useful drugs for the management of patients with Parkinson's disease in the early stages and in later stages of the disease. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects dopamine-producing nerve cells in the brain. They bind to dopamine receptors in nerve cells that regulate body movement and motor function. Electroanalytical methods are used in medicinal, clinical and pharmaceutical research. The voltammetry is one of the most commonly used electroanalytical methods. The aims of this review are to gather and discuss studies of voltammetric methods used in determination of dopamine agonists. Method: This review includes the use of various voltammetric methods for determination studies of dopamine agonists from pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples. These studies were examined in terms of used voltammetric method or methods, working electrode, buffer, pH and validation parameters. Results: Cabergoline, pramipexole, ropinirole have more studies, while bromocriptine and apomorphine have fewer studies in the literature. Differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry methods were the most applied methods for determination of dopamine agonist drugs from pharmaceuticals and biological samples. But, stripping, cyclic and lineer sweep voltammetry methods are less applied methods. In this studies, a lot of modified electrodes were developed and used to analyse of dopamine agonists. Conclusion: The voltammetric methods supply determination of therapeutic agents and/or their metabolites in clinical samples at extremely low concentrations without the necessity for the sample pre-treatment or time consuming extraction steps. Also the modified electrodes and validated voltammetric methods provide good stability, repeatability, reproducibility and high recovery for the analysis of the analyte.

scholarly journals Instrumental Analysis of Chlordiazepoxide in Different Matrices

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lobna M. Abdel-Aziz ◽  
Ahmed A. Soror ◽  
Ahmed A. Hassan ◽  
Ahmed S. Ali ◽  
Ahmed A. Hafez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Pure Form ◽  
Instrumental Analysis ◽  
The World

Chlordiazepoxide is considered one of most important sedative and hypnotic benzodiazepines drugs which is currently used all over the world with the increased rate of anxiety drugs. In this literature review, we will introduce the pharmacological action of this drug in addition to most of up-to-date reported methods that have been developed for determination of chlordiazepoxide in its pure form, combined form with other drugs, combined form with degradation products, and in biological samples. Most of the reported analytical methods will focus on spectroscopic, chromatographic and electrochemical techniques.

scholarly journals 138 Analytical Methods for Organometallic Chelation Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Author(s):  
Edward Walker
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
Daunting Challenge ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Chelated minerals have increasingly captured the attention of scientists, manufacturers, and consumers in nutritional markets during the past five decades, due to their enhanced bioavailability compared to traditional ionic metal compounds. A wide variety of organic ligands bind to metal ions to form complexes that are generally referred to as chelates, including amino acids, peptides, proteins and carboxylic acids. Chemical reactions used to synthesize mineral chelates are affected by a number of factors that can alter the extent of chelation in manufactured products, such as pH, temperature, concentration, solvation, competing ions and ligands, and other variables. Qualitative and quantitative determination of chelation can be a daunting challenge, especially for dilute micronutrient minerals in complex matrices. Measuring chelation between metals and their ligands specifically focuses on the attractive forces between them. Analytical methods to determine the extent of chelation rely on a wide array of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Very few standard methods of analysis exist to quantitatively measure the extent of chelation in nutritional products. A variety of these methods will be reviewed and compared for their potential use as standard methods of analysis.

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE IN VARIOUS MATRICES

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
ALANKAR SHRIVASTAVA
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Electroanalytical Methods ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Potential Activity

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is classified under the class of drugs called antimalarials. This is used for preventions and treatment of malaria. HCQ is also used in the treatment of DLE (Discoid Lupus Erythematosus) or SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) and RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis). Recently, this drug attracts its attention by scientists of all of the worlds for its potential activity in the improvement of conditions of covid patients. There are many clinical trials are under process to prove its activity against this dangerous virus. The presented review describes different analytical procedures for the analysis of HCQ in various components available in the currently available literature. The paper will be certainly helpful for the scientists and researchers engaged in research, especially in the development of formulation or quality assurance of HCQ. The results of any clinical trial also includes the determination of drug in body fluids for interpretation of data. The analytical methods described here are explained in three parts; spectrophotometry, chromatography and other (including capillary electrophoresis and electroanalytical methods)

Analytical Methods for Determination of Balofloxacin in Tablets

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 66-68
Author(s):  
Shreya Nayak ◽  
◽  
Sanjay Pai P.N. Sanjay Pai P.N.
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods

The relationship between musty-odor-causing organisms and water quality in Lake Biwa

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kajino ◽  
K. Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Lake Biwa ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Odor Compounds ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
The Relationship

Musty odor has occurred annually in Lake Biwa since 1969. Osaka municipal waterworks, which is located downstream of Lake Biwa, has made many efforts to treat musty-odor compounds produced in Lake Biwa from spring through autumn. With the development of analytical methods for the determination of musty-odor compounds, we have been able to confirm that planktonic blue-green algae are the major causes of the musty-odor occurrences. The relationship between the growth of blue-green algae and the water quality was not so apparent. However, through our data analysis focusing on the relationship between musty-odor occurrences due to Phormidium tenue or Oscillatoria tenuis and some nutrients in Lake Biwa, we found that the concentration of nitrate in water may be an important parameter for the estimation of growth of the algae and the musty-odor behavior.

A Review of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Tibolone: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Formulations Analysis and Application in Doping Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Marilene Lopes Ângelo ◽  
Fernanda de Lima Moreira ◽  
Ana Laura Araújo Santos ◽  
Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado ◽  
Magali Benjamim de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Doping Control ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
In Doping

Background:: Tibolone is a synthetic steroid commercialized by Organon under the brand name Livial (Org OD14), which is used in hormone therapy for menopause management and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Tibolone is defined as a selective tissue estrogenic activity regulator (STEAR) demonstrating tissue-specific effects on several organs such as brain, breast, urogenital tract, endometrium, bone and cardiovascular system. Aims:: This work aims to (1) present an overview of important published literature on existing methods for the analysis of tibolone and/or its metabolites in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids and (2) to conduct a critical comparison of the analytical methods used in doping control, pharmacokinetics and pharmaceutical formulations analysis of tibolone and its metabolites. Results and conclusions: : The major analytical method described for the analysis of tibolone in pharmaceutical formulations is High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detection, while Liquid Chromatography (LC) or Gas Chromatography (GC) used in combination with Mass Spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is employed for the analysis of tibolone and/or its metabolites in biological fluids.

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