scholarly journals Suburban Composite Landscape Corridor Design Based on “Flow” Concept in Dinghai District of Zhoushan

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-302
Author(s):  
Fang Wen ◽  
Zhu Wang ◽  
Yong He
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Suburban Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Zhoushan Archipelago ◽  
Agricultural Tourism ◽  
Important Nodes

Dinghai district, the central area of Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, lies on the biggest island of Zhoushan Archipelago. Owing to its marvelous island feature, Zhoushan has been attracting more and more people to Island Tourism, Agricultural Tourism and Culture Tourism. Shuangxiao Road is a transportation line through suburban area connecting the south to the north. However, the vicinity of Shuangxiao Road fails to afford the comprehensive suburban function to coordinate urban areas with rural ones. This paper holds the opinion that Shuangxiao Road should not be treated as a road with only transportation function, but also a composite corridor and should play an important role in integrating urban and rural areas on landscape. Also, the concept "Flow" explains the crucial role of landscape corridor in suburban area. We investigate the situation along Shuangxiao Road and find out the superior resources, environmental problems and landscape potentials. Paying attention to important nodes and interfaces, with nodes renovation, facades reform and interfaces design, this paper tries to regenerate the existing corridor to a novel composite one. The composite landscape corridor not only improves the environmental conditions and conveys landscape features, but also enhances the integration of urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leni Kang ◽  
Juan Liang ◽  
Chunhua He ◽  
Lei Miao ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

Abstract Background Breastfeeding is important for the physical and psychological health of the mother and child. Basic data on breastfeeding practice in China are out-of-date and vary widely. This study aimed to evaluate the progress of breastfeeding practice in China, as well as to explore the bottlenecks in driving better practice. Methods This was an observational study. We used data from the Under-5 Child Nutrition and Health Surveillance System in China for the period 2013–2018. The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) were calculated for each year for subgroups of China. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to explore the time trends. The annual percent of change (APC) were calculated by log-linear regression followed by exp transformation. Results The prevalence of EIBF increased significantly from 44.57% (95% CI: 44.07, 45.07) in 2013 to 55.84% (95% CI: 55.29, 56.38) in 2018 (Ptrend < 0.001), with an APC of 4.67% (95% CI: 3.51, 5.85). And the prevalence of EBF increased rapidly from 16.14% (95% CI: 15.10, 17.18) to 34.90% (95% CI: 33.54, 36.26) (Ptrend < 0.001), with an APC of 14.90% (95% CI: 9.97, 20.04). Increases were observed in both urban and rural areas, with urban areas showing greater APCs for EIBF (6.05%; 95% CI: 4.22, 7.92 v.s. 2.26%; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.12) and EBF (18.21%; 95% CI: 11.53, 25.29 v.s. 9.43%; 95% CI: 5.52, 13.49). The highest EBF prevalence was observed in the East, but the Central area showed the highest APC. The prevalence of EBF decreased with increasing age within the first 6 months, especially after 3 months. Conclusion The prevalence of both EIBF and EBF in China are improving in recent years. The rural and West China could be the key areas in the future actions. More efforts should be made to protect and promote breastfeeding to achieve near- and long-term goals for child health.

subsistence production (where in the colonial period mainly extra-economic factors such as forced cultivation or forced labour caused the integration of the peasantry in the market exchange). Socialist development was there-fore strongly identified with modernising through the rapid expansion of the state sector, that is, nationalisation and mechanisation on an ever-increasing scale. The peasantry would be gradually absorbed within this expanding sector, and hence, at first, the role of the peasantry was seen as essentially passive with its transformation mainly centring on social aspects. As such, the policy of communal villages became virtually a habitational concept (and was in actual fact the responsibility of the national directorate of housing): a question of social infrastructures (water supplies, schools, etc.) within a concept of communal life without concerning production and its transformation. This view conflicted heavily with the objective conditions in the rural areas characterised by a deep involvement of the peasantry in market relationships and their dependence on it either as suppliers of labour power or as cash crop producers. This contradiction became more obvious, when the balance of payments became a real constraint (in 1979) and, hence, the question of financing accumulation cropped up more strongly in practice. The peasantry as suppliers of cash crops, of food and of labour power to the state sectors occupied a crucial position in production and accumulation. However, the crucial question then becomes whether the peasantry only performs the role of supplying part of the accumulation fund or whether the peasantry itself is part and parcel of the process of transformation and hence that accumulation embraces as an integral part the transformation of peasant agriculture into more socialised forms of production. In other words, it poses the question whether the strategy is based on a primitive socialist accumulation on the basis of the peasantry (transferring the agrarian surplus to the develop-ment of the state sector), or whether accumulation includes the transformation of peasant agriculture. Clearly, the way this question is posed in practice will influence heavily the nature of the organisation of the exchange between the state sector and the peasantry. The proposition that the state sector can develop under its own steam (with or without the aid of external borrowing) cannot bypass this crucial question since, on the one hand, a considerable part of foreign exchange earnings and of the food supply to the towns depended on peasant production and, on the other, the very conditions of productivity and profitability in the agrarian state sector depended heavily on the organic link that existed.between labour supply and family agriculture. The monetary disequilibrium originating from the state sector has a severe impact on the organisation of the exchange between the state sector and the peasantry. First, the imbalance between the demand for and the supply of consumer commodities affected rural areas differently from urban areas. The reason was that in urban areas the rationing system guaranteed to each family a minimum quantity of basic consumer necessities at official prices. In the rural areas the principal form of rationing remained the queue! Hence, forced savings were distributed differently over urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the concentration of resources on the state sector also implied that the peasants'

2013 ◽  
pp. 205-205
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sector ◽  
Crucial Question ◽  
Peasant Agriculture ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Power

scholarly journals Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leni Kang ◽  
Juan Liang ◽  
Chunhua He ◽  
Lei Miao ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Log Linear

Abstract Background Breastfeeding is important for the physical and psychological health of the mother and child. Basic data on breastfeeding practices in China are crucial for understanding how to advance health-related goals. Methods This was an observational study. We used data from the Under-5 Child Nutrition and Health Surveillance System in China for the period 2013-2018. The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) were calculated for each year for subgroups of China. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to explore the time trends. The annual percent of change (APC) were calculated by log-linear regression followed by exp transformation. Results The prevalence of EIBF and EBF increased significantly from 44.57% (95% CI: 44.07, 45.07) and 16.14% (95% CI: 15.10, 17.18) in 2013 to 55.84% (95% CI: 55.29, 56.38) and 34.90% (95% CI: 33.54, 36.26) in 2018 (P trend <0.001). The respective APCs were 4.67% (95% CI: 3.51, 5.85) and 14.90% (95% CI: 9.97, 20.04). Increases were observed in both urban and rural areas, with urban areas showing greater APCs for EIBF (6.05%; 95% CI: 4.22, 7.92 v.s. 2.26%; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.12) and EBF (18.21%; 95% CI: 11.53, 25.29 v.s. 9.43%; 95% CI: 5.52, 13.49). The highest EBF prevalence was observed in the East, but the Central area showed the highest APC. The prevalence of EBF decreased with increasing age during the first 6 months, especially after 3 months. Conclusion The prevalence of both EIBF and EBF in China are improving in recent years. The rural and West China could be the key areas in the future actions. More efforts should be made to protect and promote breastfeeding to achieve near- and long-term goals for child health.

scholarly journals Housework Division and Second-Child Fertility Anxiety among Couples in China: The Urban and Rural Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3910
Author(s):  
Jingyue Zhang ◽  
Yipeng Tian
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Household Registration ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

This study investigated the moderating role of household registration in the relationship between housework division and second-child fertility anxiety among Chinese couples of childbearing ages. Multilevel cluster sampling was used to select 1834 respondents aged 20–45 years from Jilin Province in China between 2016 and 2017. A sample of 542 adults who were married and had only one child was included in the final analysis. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the proposed hypothesis. The results showed that the association between housework division and second-child fertility anxiety was significant in rural areas. However, the above association was not significant in urban areas. Household registration status was found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between housework division and second-child fertility anxiety. Differences in gender and fertility ideology have led to different housework divisions in urban and rural areas, which in turn have led to different effects on the second-child fertility anxiety of couples of childbearing ages in these areas.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leni Kang ◽  
Juan Liang ◽  
Chunhua He ◽  
Lei Miao ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

Abstract Background: Breastfeeding is important for the physical and psychological health of the mother and child. Basic data on breastfeeding practice in China are out-of-date and vary widely. This study aimed to evaluate the progress of breastfeeding practice in China, as well as to explore the bottlenecks in driving better practice.Methods: This was an observational study. We used data from the Under-5 Child Nutrition and Health Surveillance System in China for the period 2013-2018. The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) were calculated for each year for subgroups of China. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to explore the time trends. The annual percent of change (APC) were calculated by log-linear regression followed by exp transformation.Results: The prevalence of EIBF increased significantly from 44.57% (95% CI: 44.07, 45.07) in 2013 to 55.84% (95% CI: 55.29, 56.38) in 2018 (Ptrend<0.001), with an APC of 4.67% (95% CI: 3.51, 5.85). And the prevalence of EBF increased rapidly from 16.14% (95% CI: 15.10, 17.18) to 34.90% (95% CI: 33.54, 36.26) (Ptrend<0.001), with an APC of 14.90% (95% CI: 9.97, 20.04). Increases were observed in both urban and rural areas, with urban areas showing greater APCs for EIBF (6.05%; 95% CI: 4.22, 7.92 v.s. 2.26%; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.12) and EBF (18.21%; 95% CI: 11.53, 25.29 v.s. 9.43%; 95% CI: 5.52, 13.49). The highest EBF prevalence was observed in the East, but the Central area showed the highest APC. The prevalence of EBF decreased with increasing age within the first 6 months, especially after 3 months.Conclusion: The prevalence of both EIBF and EBF in China are improving in recent years. The rural and West China could be the key areas in the future actions. More efforts should be made to protect and promote breastfeeding to achieve near- and long-term goals for child health.

scholarly journals Morphofunctional Parameters of Adolescents Living in Urban and Rural Areas of Northern Krasnoyarsk Krai

2021 ◽  
pp. 285-294
Author(s):  
Artysh Kuzhuget ◽  
◽  
Irina Trusey ◽  
Vladimir Kirko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Krasnoyarsk Krai ◽  
The North ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Quetelet Index

This paper analyses the morphofunctional parameters of 14–16-year-old adolescents living in urban (Lesosibirsk) and rural (Bor) areas in the north of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Based on the Quetelet index, boys and girls were divided into overweight (3.1 and 5.1 % respectively) and underweight (5.1 and 37.5 % respectively). Thus, the largest proportion of adolescents with a body weight deficit was recorded among boys (37.5 %). Reserve fat below the norm (< 11 %) was identified in 41 % of boy from Lesosibirsk and 80 % of boys from Bor. Moreover, in 9 % of the boys this parameter was critically low (3–4 %), which indicates dystrophy. The somatotype analysis revealed a weak development of the endomorphic component in all the groups under study, with the exception of girls from Lesosibirsk. Especially low values of this indicator were identified among boys from Bor (1.4 ± 0.2 points). All the subjects showed a decrease in respiratory parameters, namely, vital capacity was lower than the norm (р < 0.05) in girls by 0.9–1.1 litres and in boys by 0.5–0.7 litres. In general, vital capacity and peak expiratory flow were lower in adolescents from urban areas than in those from rural areas. The share of adolescents with an increased heart rate (> 90 beats/min) was largest among girls from Lesosibirsk (38 %); this group also had the biggest share of subjects with high Baevsky Stress Index (45 %). The share of subjects with high Baevsky Stress Index among boys varied in the range of 23.5–26.6 % and in girls, of 38.9–45.0 %. On the whole, the analysis of variational pulsometry parameters demonstrated a balance of the autonomic nervous system in heart regulation in 47.1–73.3 % of the subjects.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000–2015

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247763
Author(s):  
Deise I. Galan ◽  
Amira A. Roess ◽  
Simone Valéria Costa Pereira ◽  
Maria Cristina Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Animal Farming ◽  
The North ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world and Brazil has the highest number of cases in Latin America. Transmission occurs mainly through exposure to water and soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. The goals of this study are to describe the geographic distribution, demographic characteristics and exposure factors of urban and rural cases of leptospirosis, and identify spatial clusters in urban and rural areas of Brazil. Methods/results A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out using 16 years (2000–2015) of surveillance data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Cases were described by age, sex and race, and exposure factors were characterized in urban and rural areas. A spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted using local Moran’s I to identify urban and rural clusters of disease. On average 3,810 leptospirosis cases were reported annually with higher numbers in urban areas. National urban and rural incidence rates were the same (1.9 cases/100,000 population), however, regional differences were observed. Urban incidence rates were higher in the North and Northeast regions, while rural incidence rates were higher in the Southeast and South. The main exposure factor reported in urban and rural areas was exposure to places with signs of rodents, followed by flood in urban areas and agriculture and animal farming in rural areas. Clusters of leptospirosis were identified in densely populated urban areas of the North, Southeast and South regions, while rural clusters were concentrated in of the Southern region with large agriculture and animal farming practices. Conclusions This study highlights that leptospirosis is an important public health problem in both urban and rural areas of Brazil. The results provide decision-makers with detailed information about where disease incidence is high and can be used in the development of prevention and control strategies for priority areas and risk groups.

scholarly journals The Comparison of Physical Activity Profiles of Elementary School Students in Urban and Rural Areas During COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fauzi Rahmansyah ◽  
Dian Budiana ◽  
Mesa Rahmi Stephani
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
School Students ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

In the midst of COVID-19 pandemic, the role of Physical Education is unseen. The physical activity of the student decreases due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this research was to find out the differences of physical activity between the elementary school students in urban areas and rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research used a survey method. The population of the study were elementary school students in urban and rural areas. The subjects of the study were 110 students, 55 students as urban area subjects and 55 students as rural area subjects. The data gained by the researcher were primer data obtained from questionnaires distributed directly. During filling in the questionnaire, the students were assisted and helped by parents. The data were analyzed by the percentage technique. The result of this research concludes that there was a physical activity profiles differences of elementary school students in urban and rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the result of the study can be a depiction of physical activity condition during Covid-19 pandemic. The result of the study could inform parents and teachers to pay attention to the moderate physical activity for the students.

A Study Of Expansion Of The Fmcg Market Across Rural Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
Dr. Udayagiri Raghunath ◽  
Dr. V.Venkateswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Customer Choice ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Rural Markets ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
Tv Media ◽  
Rural Clients ◽  
Tv Watching

The corporate companies dealing with FMCG products have started focusing on rural markets as the urban markets have become saturated and highly competitive. Capturing the rural markets brings forth a whole new set of challenges as it is laborious to break in. This market presents the companies with gamut challenges on a new dimension which demand entirely different strategies as compared to the ones used in urban areas. Studying the rural markets for rural markets has become crucial more than ever. It is an objective learning, psychiatry of dispersion, impact of the FMCG in rural areas. This research uses diverse utensils, procedure toward analyze composed records. Several of the features used in analyzing the data are the consumer characteristics like educational qualifications, professions they are in, and the income levels. The role of TV media advertising is also analyzed. Many deals and promotions advertised on TV are investigated. The scope of authority wield by publicity happening customer choice production has looked into. The different levels of media exposure and preferable TV watching times and their favorite programs considered while analyzing the data. The spending prototype of rural clients on FMCG is examined and further categorized based on their income levels, educational qualifications, and legal awareness of consumer act. All the analyzed data, results, and suggestions presented in the visual formats.

Integrated waste water management for a small river basin - a case study

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
R. Fenz ◽  
M. Zessner ◽  
N. Kreuzinger ◽  
H. Kroiss
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Management ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
The North ◽  
Waste Water Management

In Austria approximately 70% of the population is connected to sewerage and to biological waste water treatment plants. Whereas the urban areas are already provided with these facilities to a very high extent, effort is still needed in rural areas to meet the requirements of the Austrian legislation. The way, this task should be solved has provoked much controversy. It is mainly the question, whether centralised or decentralised sewage disposal systems are preferable from the ecological and economical point of view, that became a political issue during the last 5 years. The Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management was asked to elaborate a waste water management concept for the Lainsitz River Basin, a mainly rural area in the north of Austria discharging to the Elbe river. Both ecological and economical aspects should be considered. This paper presents the methodology that was applied and the criteria which were decisive for the selection of the final solution.

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