Pharmaceutical Lozenges: Recent Trends and Developments with an Update on Research and Patents

Author(s):  
Mangesh Pradeep Kulkarni ◽  
Arun Sharma ◽  
Sagar Tanwar ◽  
Parashara Bhattar Vandana ◽  
Sheetu Wadhwa ◽  
...  

Abstract: Pharmaceutical oral dosage forms are tremendously preferred by both consumers as well as pharmaceutical manufacturers owing to the plethora of benefits they offer. Lozenges (LZs) are one of the dosage forms that provide a palatable means of drug administration and have great importance with respect to their pharmaceutical applications. LZs offer additional benefits to pediatric and geriatric patients, along with people having associated problems with the gastro-intestinal tract. Dysphagia is a common problem faced by all age groups, which gives rise to the need for LZs. Moreover, the foremost merit presented by the medicated LZs includes its augmented retention time in the oral cavity that results in an enhanced bioavailability for buccal or upper gastro-intestinal disorders. Further, LZs can also be used to bypass the first-pass effect. The present review covers various aspects of LZs such as formulation, manufacturing techniques, evaluation parameters, marketed products, patents, and a compilation of research work that has been done on lozenges as a delivery system.

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Bruns ◽  
Michael Ober

Abstract The preparation of liquid oral dosage forms for paediatric patients may pose a challenge on pharmacies. Marketed ready-to-use suspension vehicles do have advantages and disadvantages. In order to overcome the disadvantages a dedicated suspension vehicle, which can be prepared by every pharmacy, was cooperatively developed by pharmacist specialists on a national level in Germany. Marketed as well as pharmacy prepared suspension vehicles provide added value for pharmacy preparations for the special need of paediatric patients of different age groups.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3606-3612
Author(s):  
Sachin Sarashetti ◽  
Vikas Jain ◽  
Gowda D V ◽  
Pooja Mallya ◽  
Satish Babu

Solid oral dosage forms are most suitable dosage forms; preferably tablets are widely accepted by people of different age groups. Mini tablets are tablets with a diameter equal to or smaller than 2–3 mm. Mini tablets are multiple unit dosage forms and are advantageous than pellets or any other oral dosage forms as they are easy to manufacture and stability problems are less. Many types of mini tablets are there like bio adhesive mini tablets, pH responsive mini tablets, gastro retentive mini tablets, paediatric mini tablets, oral disintegrating mini tablets. Current ODT developments meet multiple pharmaceutical and patient needs, including better life-cycle management to easy treatment for paediatric, geriatric and psychiatric dysphagic patients. Orally disintegrating dosage forms are X suitable for patients, especially who find it inconvenient to swallow traditional tablets and capsules with an 8-oz glass of water for one reason or another. These essentially reduce the variation between subjects. Mini tablets which disintegrate orally can be evaluated by testing for dissolution, disintegrating testing and hardness. The need for non-invasive delivery systems continues due to the poor acceptance and enforcement by patients of current delivery schemes, limited market space for drug companies and product usage, coupled with high disease management costs. The review emphasizes on advantages of mini tablets, types, methods of manufacturing and modes of administration and evaluation of mini tablets.


Author(s):  
Christina Karavasili ◽  
Angelos Gkaragkounis ◽  
Dimitrios G. Fatouros

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Abdul Latif Ershad ◽  
Ali Rajabi-Siahboomi ◽  
Shahrzad Missaghi ◽  
Daniel Kirby ◽  
Afzal Rahman Mohammed

A lack of effective intervention in addressing patient non-adherence and the acceptability of solid oral dosage forms combined with the clinical consequences of swallowing problems in an ageing world population highlight the need for developing methods to study the swallowability of tablets. Due to the absence of suitable techniques, this study developed various in vitro analytical tools to assess physical properties governing the swallowing process of tablets by mimicking static and dynamic stages of time-independent oral transitioning events. Non-anatomical models with oral mucosa-mimicking surfaces were developed to assess the swallowability of tablets; an SLA 3D printed in vitro oral apparatus derived the coefficient of sliding friction and a friction sledge for a modified tensometer measured the shear adhesion profile. Film coat hydration and in vitro wettability was evaluated using a high-speed recording camera that provided quantitative measurements of micro-thickness changes, simulating static in vivo tablet–mucosa oral processing stages with artificial saliva. In order to ascertain the discriminatory power and validate the multianalytical framework, a range of commonly available tablet coating solutions and new compositions developed in our lab were comparatively evaluated according to a quantitative swallowability index that describes the mathematical relationship between the critical physical forces governing swallowability. This study showed that the absence of a film coat significantly impeded the ease of tablet gliding properties and formed chalky residues caused by immediate tablet surface erosion. Novel gelatin- and λ-carrageenan-based film coats exhibited an enhanced lubricity, lesser resistance to tangential motion, and reduced stickiness than polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–PEG graft copolymer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and PVA-coated tablets; however, Opadry® EZ possessed the lowest friction–adhesion profile at 1.53 a.u., with the lowest work of adhesion profile at 1.28 J/mm2. For the first time, the in vitro analytical framework in this study provides a fast, cost-effective, and repeatable swallowability ranking method to screen the in vitro swallowability of solid oral medicines in an effort to aid formulators and the pharmaceutical industry to develop easy-to-swallow formulations.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4518
Author(s):  
Raquel Sousa ◽  
Artur Figueirinha ◽  
Maria Teresa Batista ◽  
Maria Eugénia Pina

Cymbopogon citratus DC (Stapf.) is a perennial grass and it is distributed around the world. It is used as a condiment for food and beverage flavouring in the form of infusions and decoctions of its dried leaves. Our previous studies have shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities for the infusion and its phenolic fractions. The aim of the present work was to develop oral dosage forms from a Cymbopogon citratus extract to be used as a functional food with antioxidant properties. Initially, an essential oil-free infusion was prepared, lyophilized and characterized by HPLC-PDA. Total phenols were quantified with the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH assay. Gelatine capsules containing the extract with different excipients, selected after DSC and IR trials, were prepared. A formulation exhibiting better antioxidant behaviour in a gastric environment was attained. These results suggest that the proposed formulation for this extract could be a valuable antioxidant product and, consequently, make an important contribution to “preventing” and minimizing diseases related to oxidative stress conditions.


2014 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor E. Shohin ◽  
Julia I. Kulinich ◽  
Galina V. Ramenskaya ◽  
Bertil Abrahamsson ◽  
Sabine Kopp ◽  
...  

2012 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Strauch ◽  
Jennifer B. Dressman ◽  
Vinod P. Shah ◽  
Sabine Kopp ◽  
James E. Polli ◽  
...  

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