COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Overview of Epidemiological, Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Aspects and Therapeutic Interventions to Tackle Current Outbreak

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-122
Author(s):  
Acharya Balkrishna ◽  
Rashmi Mittal ◽  
Vedpriya Arya
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Diagnostic Aspects ◽  
Current Outbreak

scholarly journals Emerging Therapeutic Modalities against COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shipra Malik ◽  
Anisha Gupta ◽  
Xiaobo Zhong ◽  
Theodore P. Rasmussen ◽  
Jose E. Manautou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Fda Approved Drugs

The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has quickly spread worldwide, bringing the whole world as well as the economy to a standstill. As the world is struggling to minimize the transmission of this devastating disease, several strategies are being actively deployed to develop therapeutic interventions. Pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers are relentlessly working to investigate experimental, repurposed or FDA-approved drugs on a compassionate basis and novel biologics for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis and treatment. Presently, a tremendous surge of COVID-19 clinical trials are advancing through different stages. Among currently registered clinical efforts, ~86% are centered on testing small molecules or antibodies either alone or in combination with immunomodulators. The rest ~14% of clinical efforts are aimed at evaluating vaccines and convalescent plasma-based therapies to mitigate the disease's symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current therapeutic modalities being evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 virus in clinical trials.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Alterations in Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah S Wang ◽  
Jihao Xu ◽  
Keely Y Ji ◽  
Chang-Il Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Nucleosome Remodeling

Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the most common (90%) and aggressive type of pancreatic cancer. Genomic analyses of PDA specimens have identified the recurrent genetic mutations that drive PDA initiation and progression. However, the underlying mechanisms that further drive PDA metastasis remain elusive. Despite many attempts, no recurrent genetic mutation driving PDA metastasis has been found, suggesting that PDA metastasis is driven by epigenetic fluctuations rather than genetic factors. Therefore, establishing epigenetic mechanisms of PDA metastasis would facilitate the development of successful therapeutic interventions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in PDA as a critical contributor on PDA progression and metastasis. In particular, we explore the recent advancements elucidating the role of nucleosome remodeling, histone modification, and DNA methylation in the process of cancer metastasis.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Uddin ◽  
Farah Mustafa ◽  
Tahir A. Rizvi ◽  
Tom Loney ◽  
Hanan Al Suwaidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Intervention Development ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Viral Genomics ◽  
Map Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic is due to infection caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus that impacts the lower respiratory tract. The spectrum of symptoms ranges from asymptomatic infections to mild respiratory symptoms to the lethal form of COVID-19 which is associated with severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and fatality. To address this global crisis, up-to-date information on viral genomics and transcriptomics is crucial for understanding the origins and global dispersion of the virus, providing insights into viral pathogenicity, transmission, and epidemiology, and enabling strategies for therapeutic interventions, drug discovery, and vaccine development. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 epidemiology, genomic etiology, findings from recent transcriptomic map analysis, viral-human protein interactions, molecular diagnostics, and the current status of vaccine and novel therapeutic intervention development. Moreover, we provide an extensive list of resources that will help the scientific community access numerous types of databases related to SARS-CoV-2 OMICs and approaches to therapeutics related to COVID-19 treatment.

scholarly journals 20 YEARS OF LEPTIN: Leptin in common obesity and associated disorders of metabolism

2014 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
pp. T71-T81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex M DePaoli
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

The molecular mechanisms of body weight and body composition regulation have long been a research focus in the hopes of identifying tractable pathways for therapeutic interventions for obesity and diabetes, as well as related disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and polycystic ovary syndrome. The metabolic consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) were already a focus of the world's attention in 1994 when the discovery of leptin generated enormous enthusiasm for the potential to treat common (non-monogenic) obesity and its associated metabolic disorders with an adipokine hormone that regulated body weight as well as lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Recombinant human leptin and many leptin analogs were developed and studied in animals and a few in human clinical trials. Overall, the opportunity for leptin as a therapeutic in unselected patients with obesity and T2D has not been substantiated in clinical trials. The potential for combination therapy suggested by clinical studies with leptin and pramlintide supports a path toward obesity treatment through the leptin pathway. The profound metabolic benefits seen with leptin in numerous forms of leptin deficiency, including lipodystrophy, provide hope for the opportunity to identify selected subsets of patients who could benefit from leptin treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical data on a subset of the potential utilities of leptin, specifically as a therapeutic for general or common obesity and its metabolic consequences including T2D and NAFLD/NASH.

scholarly journals A Review Article on Vaccine Development and Therapeutics Approach Against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Ankush Yadav ◽  
Shubhangi Singh ◽  
Vivek Srivastava ◽  
Namrata Bardhan ◽  
Saloni Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) unleashed an unprecedented and unanticipated pandemic, causing widespread concern. More than three million deaths have been documented since the first incidence of COVID-19 discovered in China. Several arduous efforts have been made by the governments of various countries worldwide to prevent and control the SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review article discusses an update on all kinds of therapeutic interventions currently applied or developed to treat SARS-CoV-2 condition, including the repurposing of drugs such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Ivermectin, etc. We also discuss CRISPR’s potential involvement in antiviral therapy, convalescent plasma therapy, and immunomodulators in combination to tackle the cytokine storms and present a comprehensive overview on many vaccines that have been created to date or are under trials, as well as their platforms and efficacy. Moreover, this article also discusses the mechanism of action of every therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Overview of the Newly Emerged COVID-19 Pandemic: Features, Origin, Genomics, Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention

Biologics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-383
Author(s):  
Md. Takim Sarker ◽  
A. Q. Fuad Hasan ◽  
Md. Oliullah Rafi ◽  
Md. Jamal Hossain ◽  
H. R. Abd El-Mageed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Diagnostic Measures ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Impact

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a life-threatening pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in massive destruction and is still continuously adding to its death toll. The advent of this global outbreak has not yet been confirmed; however, investigation for suitable prophylaxis against this lethal virus is being carried out by experts all around the globe. The SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae superfamily, like the other previously occurring human coronavirus variants. To better understand a new virus variant, such as the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant, it is vital to investigate previous virus strains, including their genomic composition and functionality. Our study aimed at addressing the basic overview of the virus’ profile that may provide the scientific community with evidence-based insights into COVID-19. Therefore, this study accomplished a comprehensive literature review that includes the virus’ origin, classification, structure, life cycle, genome, mutation, epidemiology, and subsequent essential factors associated with host–virus interaction. Moreover, we summarized the considerable diagnostic measures, treatment options, including multiple therapeutic approaches, and prevention, as well as future directions that may reduce the impact and misery caused by this devastating pandemic. The observations and data provided here have been screened and accumulated through extensive literature study, hence this study will help the scientific community properly understand this new virus and provide further leads for therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Review of Mendelian Randomization Studies on Ovarian Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Zeng Guo ◽  
Qian Xiao ◽  
Song Gao ◽  
Xiu-Qin Li ◽  
Qi-Jun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Mr Studies ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Increased Risk

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest gynecological cancers worldwide. Previous observational epidemiological studies have revealed associations between modifiable environmental risk factors and OC risk. However, these studies are prone to confounding, measurement error, and reverse causation, undermining robust causal inference. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis has been established as a reliable method to investigate the causal relationship between risk factors and diseases using genetic variants to proxy modifiable exposures. Over recent years, MR analysis in OC research has received extensive attention, providing valuable insights into the etiology of OC as well as holding promise for identifying potential therapeutic interventions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key principles and assumptions of MR analysis. Published MR studies focusing on the causality between different risk factors and OC risk are summarized, along with comprehensive analysis of the method and its future applications. The results of MR studies on OC showed that higher BMI and height, earlier age at menarche, endometriosis, schizophrenia, and higher circulating β-carotene and circulating zinc levels are associated with an increased risk of OC. In contrast, polycystic ovary syndrome; vitiligo; higher circulating vitamin D, magnesium, and testosterone levels; and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition are associated with a reduced risk of OC. MR analysis presents a2 valuable approach to understanding the causality between different risk factors and OC after full consideration of its inherent assumptions and limitations.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Alterations in Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Wang ◽  
Jihao Xu ◽  
Keely Y. Ji ◽  
Chang-Il Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Nucleosome Remodeling

Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the most common (90%) and aggressive type of pancreatic cancer. Genomic analyses of PDA specimens have identified the recurrent genetic mutations that drive PDA initiation and progression. However, the underlying mechanisms that further drive PDA metastasis remain elusive. Despite many attempts, no recurrent genetic mutation driving PDA metastasis has been found, suggesting that PDA metastasis is driven by epigenetic fluctuations rather than genetic factors. Therefore, establishing epigenetic mechanisms of PDA metastasis would facilitate the development of successful therapeutic interventions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in PDA as a critical contributor on PDA progression and metastasis. In particular, we explore the recent advancements elucidating the role of nucleosome remodeling, histone modification, and DNA methylation in the process of cancer metastasis.

scholarly journals An emerging potential of metabolomics in multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insha Zahoor ◽  
Bin Rui ◽  
Junaid Khan ◽  
Indrani Datta ◽  
Shailendra Giri
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Unique Markers

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the nervous system that primarily affects young adults. Although the exact etiology of the disease remains obscure, it is clear that alterations in the metabolome contribute to this process. As such, defining a reliable and disease-specific metabolome has tremendous potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for MS. Here, we provide an overview of studies aimed at identifying the role of metabolomics in MS. These offer new insights into disease pathophysiology and the contributions of metabolic pathways to this process, identify unique markers indicative of treatment responses, and demonstrate the therapeutic effects of drug-like metabolites in cellular and animal models of MS. By and large, the commonly perturbed pathways in MS and its preclinical model include lipid metabolism involving alpha-linoleic acid pathway, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, d-ornithine and d-arginine pathways with collective role in signaling and energy supply. The metabolomics studies suggest that metabolic profiling of MS patient samples may uncover biomarkers that will advance our understanding of disease pathogenesis and progression, reduce delays and mistakes in diagnosis, monitor the course of disease, and detect better drug targets, all of which will improve early therapeutic interventions and improve evaluation of response to these treatments.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Uddin ◽  
Farah Mustafa ◽  
Tahir A. Rizvi ◽  
Tom Loney ◽  
Hanan Al Suwaidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Intervention Development ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Viral Genomics ◽  
Map Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic is due to infection caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 that impacts the lower respiratory tract. The spectrum of symptoms ranges from asymptomatic infections to mild respiratory symptoms to the lethal form of COVID-19 which is associated with severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress and fatality. At present, the global case fatality rate of COVID-19 laboratory confirmed cases is ~4.7% ranging from ~0.3-0.4% in Chile and Israel to ~10.8% in Italy. To address this global crisis, up-to-date information on the viral genomics and transcriptomics is crucial for understanding the origins and global dispersal of the virus, providing insight into viral pathogenicity, transmission and epidemiology, and enabling strategies for therapeutic interventions, drug discovery and vaccine development. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 epidemiology, genomic etiology, findings from recent transcriptomic map analysis, viral-human protein interactions, molecular diagnostics, and the current status of vaccine and novel therapeutic intervention development. Moreover, we provide an extensive list of resources that will help the scientific community access numerous types of databases related to SARS-CoV-2 OMICs and approaches to therapeutics related to COVID-19 treatment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document