Pharmaceuticals, Patents, and Politics: Canada and Bill C-22

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Lexchin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
High Drug ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Future Demands ◽  
The Impact

In response to high drug prices, the Canadian government amended the country's patent act in 1969 to allow for compulsory licensing to import pharmaceuticals. As a result of the legislation, by 1983 drug costs in Canada were over $200 million lower than they would otherwise have been. The multinational drug industry was strongly opposed to compulsory licensing, despite any evidence that its economic position had been harmed. Restoration of patent protection for drugs was one of the key U.S. demands during free-trade negotiations between Canada and the United States in 1985–1987. The result was Bill C-22, which gave new drugs protection from compulsory licensing for seven to ten years. This article analyzes the impact of Bill C-22 on the generic industry, the creation of jobs in research and development, drug prices, and research and development expenditures. It concludes with an examination of future demands from the pharmaceutical industry.

Effectiveness of HCC treatments in real-world experiences.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (34_suppl) ◽  
pp. 61-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen I. Misek ◽  
Mark Keckeisen ◽  
Venkata K Jayanti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Real World ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sorafenib Treatment ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

61 Background: The global incidence of HCC is over 700,000 patients making it the sixth leading cancer. Recently new drugs have been approved to treat HCC. Nevertheless, prognosis is poor with a 5 year survival of 11%. Hence, it is important to understand if there are differences in OS in the Real World (RWE) based on patient demographics, comorbidities and whether current treatments are effective. Methods: A robust global database of HCC patients was constructed from patient chart data with nearly 4,000 unique patient records from the United States, the European Union, and Asia in 2011. Several hypotheses were tested including the impact of ethnicity, presence of Hep B or C or cirrhosis, stage at diagnosis and/or if current treatments used could predict PFS and /or OS. CART and CHAID analyses were conducted to help determine patient segments and treatment flows in conjunction with Kaplan-Meier plots to understand the differences in survival based key patient and treatment attributes. Results: One year survival appears to be associated with geography as it is significantly lower in China/ Korea compared to the United States and the European Union. Significantly higher one year survival rates are observed for HCC patients in the European Union and the United States receiving TACE compared with patients receiving sorafenib first line. However, in Asia there are no differences. Across all three regions sorafenib use does not effect OS in Stage IV patients. Further, no significant differences in one year survival are seen in patients with Hep C or B or cirrhosis compared to those with no history of liver disease. Sorafenib treatment duration in China appears to be substantially lower. Finally, Child-Pugh C patients had lower survival compared to Child-Pugh A or B patients. Conclusions: Early diagnosis, intervention and treatment of HCC appear to be important predictors of survival. Stratifying groups by type of drug treatment including sorafenib use does not appear to have a measurable effect on OS. Efforts aimed towards screening, early detection and treatment initiation during early stages to improve RWE for HCC patients may be more effective than expanding treatment with sorafenib in late stage patients. Given the lack of significance in OS for late stage patients treated with sorafenib across the globe, serious thought should be given its use for late stage patients.

China and the World

2020 ◽  
pp. 343-368
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Development Spending ◽  
The Impact

This chapter speculates about the major factors in, and challenges to, China in its relations with the world between 2020 and 2030. It first considers several dimensions of China’s likely growth over the next two decades: GDP, energy consumption, research and development spending, and military expenditure. It then examines seven separate challenges—the impact of domestic politics, relations with the United States, governance, and soft power—and posits the likely trajectories in each category. China’s future relations with its neighbors and the United States will be particularly difficult for Beijing to manage.

The impact of military research and development priorities on the evolution of the civil economy in capitalist states

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Buzan ◽  
Gautam Sen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Military Research ◽  
Civil Economy ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper is to identify the process by which military research and development (R&D) priorities affect the evolution of major sectors of the civil economy in capitalist states. Military priorities channel a significant proportion of the resources that capitalist societies devote to R&D: for the United States in the period 1982–4, military R&D amounted to 28.9 per cent of gross domestic expenditure on R&D. The nature of military priorities favours some areas of technological development over others, and when these favoured areas are opened up for military purposes, it is often possible to build a major civil industry on the resultant technology. Examples of this process include nuclear power, civil aviation, space satellites and computers. Some, though by no means all, of the commanding heights of civil economies are thus powerfully shaped by the opportunities created by specifically military R&D.

Divergent Paths to Drug Regulation in the United States and the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Ceccoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Regulation ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Government Relations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regulatory Controls ◽  
The Impact

Significant differences in the availability of new medicines in the United States and the United Kingdom became apparent in the 1970s. This article examines the history of drug regulation in the two countries and argues that the divergence was the result of distinctive regulatory approaches that emerged simultaneously throughout the twentieth century. The British approach was based largely on informal, nonstatutory controls, while the American approach relied heavily on centralized regulatory controls. The article argues that the nature of business-government relations has played a significant role in the divergence. The impact of these divergent approaches is apparent in the contemporary regulatory framework, especially with respect to determining the effectiveness of new drugs.

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