scholarly journals Translocation of Orally Inoculated Salmonella Following Mild Immunosuppression in Dairy Calves and the Presence of the Salmonella in Ground Beef Samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wilkerson ◽  
P. R. Broadway ◽  
J. A. Carroll ◽  
N. C. Sanchez ◽  
D. A. Tigue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Joint Fluid ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Hematological Markers ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Experimental Strain ◽  
To Come ◽  
Ileal Tissue

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine if immunosuppression altered Salmonella (SAL) translocation from the GI tract subsequently contaminating the carcass during fabrication.Materials and MethodsWeaned Holstein steer calves (n = 20; BW = 102 ± 2.7 kg) received dexamethasone (DEX; n = 10; 0.5mg/kg BW), a synthetic glucocorticoid, or saline (CON; n = 10; 0.5mg/kg BW) for 4 d (from d –1 to d 2) via a jugular catheter prior to oral inoculation of nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (3.4×106 CFU/animal) via milk replacer on d 0. Fecal swabs were obtained daily to ensure SAL infection. Blood was collected to assess hematological markers of immunosuppression. Upon harvest (d 5), the ileum, cecal content, lymph nodes (ileocecal, mandibular, popliteal and prescapular), and synovial (stifle, coxofemoral, and shoulder) swabs were collected for the isolation of the inoculated strain of SAL. The trim obtained during fabrication was then ground separating both fore and hind quarters of each carcass. Ground beef samples were collected using a random grab method then combined for a composite sample for each fore quarter and each hind quarter for every carcass. The sample were diluted with 225ml of PBSResultsFollowing inoculation, 100% of DEX calves shed the experimental strain of SAL for 5 d, 90% of CON calves shed from d 1 to 3, and 100% of CON calves shed from d 4 to 5. A treatment by tissue interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for SAL in tissues collected at harvest. Greater (P < 0.001) concentrations of SAL were quantified from the cecum of DEX calves (3.86 ± 0.37 log10 CFU) than CON (1.37 ± 0.37 log10 CFU); There was no difference in SAL concentrations between DEX and CON calves in ileal tissue (P = 0.07), nor ileocecal (P = 0.57), mandibular (P = 0.12), popliteal (P = 0.99), or prescapular (P = 0.83) lymph nodes. Salmonella was isolated from the stifle joint of one calf in the CON group; however, SAL was not isolated from any other joint fluids sampled. The prevalence of SAL in the ground beef samples was recovered in 7 of the 80 (8.75%) samples taken. This is important to note as it was 3.3% of swabs collected from the CON treatment and the opportunity exists for stifle joint fluid to come in contact with meat during hind quarter fabrication.ConclusionThe observed data suggests that the grab method for ground beef sampling may not be a correct quantification of overall presence of SAL in a ground beef sample. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of pathogen sampling methods on ground beef.

scholarly journals Translocation of Orally Inoculated Salmonella Following Mild Immunosuppression in Dairy Calves and the Presence of the Salmonella in Ground Beef Samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
S. Wilkerson ◽  
P. R. Broadway ◽  
J. A. Carroll ◽  
N. C. Sanchez ◽  
D. A. Tigue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Beef ◽  
Dairy Calves

Low Prevalence of Salmonella and Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli in Lymph Nodes of Australian Beef Cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 2105-2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Bailey ◽  
Long Huynh ◽  
Lachlan Govenlock ◽  
David Jordan ◽  
Ian Jenson
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Low Prevalence

ABSTRACT Salmonella contamination of ground beef has been viewed as originating from the surface of carcasses. Recent studies have identified lymph nodes as a potential source of Salmonella contamination because these tissues play an active role in containment of pathogens in the live animal and because some lymph nodes are unavoidably present in manufacturing beef trimmings or primal cuts that may be incorporated into ground beef. A survey was conducted of the microbiological status of lymph nodes from Australian cattle at the time of slaughter to determine the prevalence of microbiological contamination. Sets of lymph nodes (n = 197), consisting of the superficial cervical (prescapular), prepectoral, axillary, presternal, popliteal, ischiatic, subiliac (precrural), coxalis, and iliofemoralis (deep inguinal), were collected from five geographically separated Australian abattoirs over a period of 14 months. Samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli by BAX PCR assay. Aerobic plate count, E. coli, and coliforms were enumerated with a lower limit of detection of 80 CFU per node. The observed prevalence of Salmonella within peripheral lymph nodes was 0.48% (7 of 1,464). Two of the seven lymph nodes in which Salmonella organisms were detected came from the same animal. Grass-fed, grain-fed, and cull dairy cattle were all found to have detectable Salmonella in lymph nodes. All Salmonella detections occurred during cooler months of the year. No Shiga toxin–producing E. coli were detected. Aerobic microorganisms were detected above the limit of quantification in 3.2% of nodes (median count 2.24 log per node), and E. coli was detected in 0.8% of nodes (median count 3.05 log per node). The low prevalence of Salmonella and low concentration of aerobic microorganisms in Salmonella-positive lymph nodes of Australian cattle at the time of slaughter suggest that the likelihood of lymph nodes contributing significantly to the presence of Salmonella in ground beef is low.

scholarly journals Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serotype-Host Specificity in Calves: Avirulence of S. enterica Serotype Gallinarum Correlates with Bacterial Dissemination from Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and Persistence In Vivo

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 6788-6797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Paulin ◽  
Patricia R. Watson ◽  
Annette R. Benmore ◽  
Mark P. Stevens ◽  
Philip W. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Pass Through

ABSTRACT Host and bacterial factors that determine whether Salmonella serotypes remain restricted to the gastrointestinal tract or penetrate beyond the mucosa and cause systemic disease remain largely undefined. Here, factors influencing Salmonella host specificity in calves were assessed by characterizing the pathogenesis of different serotypes. Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin was highly virulent intravenously, whereas S. enterica serotype Choleraesuis was moderately virulent. Both serotypes were virulent in calves infected orally. In contrast, S. enterica serotypes Gallinarum and Abortusovis were avirulent by either route. Serotypes Dublin, Gallinarum, and Abortusovis colonized the intestinal tract 24 h after oral inoculation, yet only serotype Dublin was consistently recovered from systemic tissues. Serotypes Dublin and Gallinarum invaded bovine intestines in greater numbers and induced greater enteropathogenic responses than serotypes Choleraesuis and Abortusovis. However, only serotype Dublin was able to persist within the intestinal mucosa, and use of a novel cannulation model demonstrated that serotype Dublin was able to pass through the mesenteric lymph nodes in greater numbers than serotype Gallinarum. Together, these results suggest that initial interactions with the intestinal mucosa do not correlate with host specificity, although persistence within tissues and translocation via efferent lymphatics appear to be crucial for the induction of bovine salmonellosis.

scholarly journals Oral Inoculation of Young Dairy Calves with Mycoplasma bovis Results in Colonization of Tonsils, Development of Otitis Media and Local Immunity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e44523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Maunsell ◽  
Mary B. Brown ◽  
Joshua Powe ◽  
James Ivey ◽  
Matthew Woolard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Oral Inoculation

Oral Salmonella Challenge and Subsequent Uptake by the Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Calves†

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. BROWN ◽  
T. S. EDRINGTON ◽  
K. J. GENOVESE ◽  
G. H. LONERAGAN ◽  
D. L. HANSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Oral Challenge ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Control

Previous attempts to infect peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) with Salmonella via oral inoculation have been inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a series of experiments to determine whether multiple exposures to an oral challenge would result in Salmonella-positive PLN in cattle. In each of three experiments, calves were inoculated with Salmonella Montevideo. In the first experiment, calves were challenged with either no Salmonella (control), a single oral dose (~1010; PCON), or 10 consecutive doses in water (~103; WAT). The positive control treatment resulted in an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the percentage of Salmonella-positive PLNs, compared with the WAT-treated and control animals. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to additionally determine if the stress associated with feed and water deprivation influences the systemic spread of Salmonella from the gastrointestinal tract to PLNs. Following 14 days of oral inoculation (average 7.1 × 104 CFU/day) in experiment 1, Salmonella was recovered from one subiliac and one superficial cervical lymph node of calves that were deprived of feed and water (72 h). No treatment differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed between control and deprived calves. Based on the poor recovery of Salmonella from the PLNs in WAT-challenged calves in experiments 1 and 2, a higher challenge dose (average 1.2 × 107 CFU) was used in experiment 3. The increased dose resulted in the recovery of the challenge strain of Salmonella from the PLNs (70.8 and 75.0% of control and deprived calves, respectively). However, no treatment differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed between control and deprived calves. Results of this research demonstrated that a substantial oral challenge is required to produce Salmonella-positive PLNs. However, as the challenge periods examined herein were considerably shorter compared with the normal time spent by cattle in feedlots, increased exposure time to lower doses may produce the same effect observed in experiment 3.

Salmonella Prevalence in Bovine Lymph Nodes Differs among Feedyards

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1131-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASHLEY N. HANEKLAUS ◽  
KERRI B. HARRIS ◽  
DAVEY B. GRIFFIN ◽  
THOMAS S. EDRINGTON ◽  
LISA M. LUCIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
The U.S

Lymphatic tissue, specifically lymph nodes, is commonly incorporated into ground beef products as a component of lean trimmings. Salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria have been identified in bovine lymph nodes, which may impact compliance with the Salmonella performance standards for ground beef established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Although Salmonella prevalence has been examined among lymph nodes between animals, no data are currently available regarding feedyard origin of the cattle and Salmonella prevalence. Bovine lymph nodes (279 superficial cervical plus 28 iliofemoral = 307) were collected from beef carcasses at a commercial beef harvest and processing plant over a 3-month period and examined for the prevalence of Salmonella. Cattle processed were from seven feedyards (A through G). Salmonella prevalence was exceptionally low (0% of samples were positive ) in cattle from feedyard A and high (88.2%) in cattle from feedyard B. Prevalence in the remaining feedyards ranged widely: 40.0% in feedyard C, 4.0% in feedyard D, 24.0% in feedyard E, 42.9% in feedyard F, and 40.0% in feedyard G. These data indicate the range of differences in Salmonella prevalence among feedyards. Such information may be useful for developing interventions to reduce or eliminate Salmonella from bovine lymph nodes, which would assist in the reduction of Salmonella in ground beef.

Development of a Transdermal Salmonella Challenge Model in Calves†

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1255-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. EDRINGTON ◽  
G. H. LONERAGAN ◽  
J. HILL ◽  
K. J. GENOVESE ◽  
H. HE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Skin Allergy ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Potential Contaminant

Recent investigations have found that Salmonella can be routinely recovered from peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) of cattle presented for harvest. When contained within the PLNs, this foodborne pathogen is protected from currently used postharvest, in-plant intervention strategies and, therefore, PLNs harboring Salmonella may be a potential contaminant of ground beef. The objective of this work was to develop a challenge model that effectively and repeatedly results in Salmonella-positive PLNs. A 10-lancet skin-allergy instrument was inoculated with Salmonella, and calves were inoculated intra- and/or transdermally by applying the device over various ventral regions of the skin. Salmonella was successfully and predictably recovered from region-specific PLNs up to 8 days postchallenge. Furthermore, serotypes inoculated within specific regions were only recovered from the PLNs draining those regions. This model provides a method to predictably infect PLNs with Salmonella. Further, this model makes it possible to determine the duration of infection and to evaluate candidate interventions that may shorten the duration of infection.

scholarly journals ATAC-Seq identifies regions of open chromatin in the bronchial lymph nodes of dairy calves experimentally challenged with bovine respiratory syncytial virus

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayle Johnston ◽  
JaeWoo Kim ◽  
Jeremy F. Taylor ◽  
Bernadette Earley ◽  
Matthew S. McCabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Susceptibility Loci ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Abstract Background Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) is a cause of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). DNA-based biomarkers contributing to BRD resistance are potentially present in non-protein-coding regulatory regions of the genome, which can be determined using ATAC-Seq. The objectives of this study were to: (i) identify regions of open chromatin in DNA extracted from bronchial lymph nodes (BLN) of healthy dairy calves experimentally challenged with BRSV and compare them with those from non-challenged healthy control calves, (ii) elucidate the chromatin regions that were differentially or uniquely open in the BRSV challenged relative to control calves, and (iii) compare the genes found in regions proximal to the differentially open regions to the genes previously found to be differentially expressed in the BLN in response to BRSV and to previously identified BRD susceptibility loci. This was achieved by challenging clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian calves (mean age 143 ± 14 days) with either BRSV inoculum (n = 12) or with sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (n = 6) and preparing and sequencing ATAC-Seq libraries from fresh BLN tissues. Results Using Diffbind, 9,144 and 5,096 differentially accessible regions (P < 0.05, FDR < 0.05) were identified between BRSV challenged and control calves employing DeSeq2 and EdgeR, respectively. Additionally, 8,791 chromatin regions were found to be uniquely open in BRSV challenged calves. Seventy-six and 150 of the genes that were previously found to be differentially expressed using RNA-Seq, were located within 2 kb downstream of the differentially accessible regions, and of the regions uniquely open in BRSV challenged calves, respectively. Pathway analyses within ClusterProfiler indicated that these genes were involved in immune responses to infection and participated in the Th1 and Th2 pathways, pathogen recognition and the anti-viral response. There were 237 differentially accessible regions positioned within 40 previously identified BRD susceptibility loci. Conclusions The identified open chromatin regions are likely to be involved in the regulatory response of gene transcription induced by infection with BRSV. Consequently, they may contain variants which impact resistance to BRD that could be used in breeding programmes to select healthier, more robust cattle.

Effect of Bipolar Radiofrequency Energy on Canine Stifle Joint Fluid Temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 188-193
Author(s):  
Cheryl Waldner ◽  
Suresh Sathya ◽  
Cindy Shmon ◽  
Koji Aoki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Joint Fluid ◽  
Radiofrequency Energy ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Bipolar Radiofrequency ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Rf Energy ◽  
Canine Stifle

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bipolar radiofrequency (RF) energy on canine stifle joint fluid temperature. Materials and Methods A standard stifle arthroscopy was performed on 15 canine large breed cadaveric stifle joints. A bipolar RF (VAPR III, 2.3-mm side effect electrode; Depuy Mitek, Raynham, Massachusetts, United States) unit was activated in the joint (1) with or without direct tissue contact, (2) with or without additional 18-gauge needle outflow and (3) for 15 and 30 seconds. The joint fluid temperature was monitored with two fibre optic intra-articular sensors. Results The stifle joint fluid temperature was significantly higher when there was no contact between the tissue and RF probe (mean: 58.6°C with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.3–64.0°C) compared with when tissue was contacted (mean: 29.0°C with 95% CI: 26.3–31.6°C). An 18-gauge egress needle had minimal effect on reducing joint fluid temperature. The temperature was higher during the 30-second application of RF energy than the 15-second group. Clinical Significance Bipolar RF energy without firm tissue contact rapidly and significantly increased joint fluid temperature beyond the level reported to damage chondrocytes (above 45°C). Caution is required in the use of bipolar RF energy in the canine stifle joint.

scholarly journals Yersinia pseudotuberculosis disseminates directly from a replicating bacterial pool in the intestine

2006 ◽  
Vol 203 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope D. Barnes ◽  
Molly A. Bergman ◽  
Joan Mecsas ◽  
Ralph R. Isberg
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Regional Lymph Node ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Translocation Event ◽  
Mouse Mutants ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Oral Inoculation

Dissemination of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis within mice after oral inoculation was analyzed. Y. pseudotuberculosis translocated to organs such as the liver and spleen shortly after oral inoculation, but was quickly cleared. In contrast, a second temporally distinct bacterial translocation event resulted in successful hepatosplenic replication of the bacteria. Replicating pools of bacteria could be established in these organs in mouse mutants that lacked Peyer's patches. These animals frequently had sterile mesenteric lymph nodes, a finding consistent with translocation taking place independently of regional lymph node colonization. In further contradiction to accepted models for dissemination of enteropathogens, clonal analysis revealed that bacteria causing disease in the spleen and liver of C57BL/6J mice were derived from populations located outside the intestinal lymph nodes. Replication of bacteria in the intestine before translocation appeared critical for dissemination, as transient selective suppression by streptomycin of bacterial growth in the intestine delayed dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis. These results collectively indicate that hepatosplenic colonization appears intimately connected with the ability of Y. pseudotuberculosis to successfully establish replication in the intestinal lumen and does not result from ordered spread leading from the intestine to regional lymph nodes before dissemination.

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