scholarly journals Covid-19 Diagnosis, Treatment and Mortality Rate in India: A Review

Author(s):  
Ruchi Singh

The SARS-CoV-2 episode began in Wuhan City, China, in December 2019. It is currently a worldwide pandemic, with 7,820,023 affirmed cases, 430,694 deaths, and 3,729,054 recuperations (starting at 14 June 2020). The infection has the potential for fast and broad spread among individuals and nations. There is a great deal of misdirecting data and information holes on the recently risen SARS-CoV-2. Hence, we checked on the most recent updates about various angles including the study of disease transmission, wellspring of contamination, transmission elements, zoonotic potential, infection attributes, and revelation of novel methodologies for ailment control to keep away from overflow of disease later on. Bats assume a significant job in the transmission of the disease to people. Corona viruses are hereditarily assorted and have a high propensity towards visit hereditary changes and quality recombination, which expands the danger of interspecies transmission. Data about the brooding time frame can help in setting up a powerful isolate for asymptomatic bearers, subsequently forestalling the infection spread. From our points of view and dependent on the at present accessible data about the infection and it’s the study of disease transmission, the control of the SARS-CoV-2 requires a powerful and worldwide sickness coordination exertion including multidisciplinary research endeavours (One-Wellbeing approach) through joint effort between governments, disease transmission specialists, virologists, wellbeing specialists, veterinarians, and doctors. At this phase of the ailment flare-up, creating antibodies is vital to constrain the spread of the disease.

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinah Seligsohn ◽  
Chiara Crestani ◽  
Taya L. Forde ◽  
Erika Chenais ◽  
Ruth N. Zadoks

Abstract Background Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, (GBS)) is the leading cause of mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) among dairy camels in Sub-Saharan Africa, with negative implications for milk production and quality and animal welfare. Camel milk is often consumed raw and presence of GBS in milk may pose a public health threat. Little is known about the population structure or virulence factors of camel GBS. We investigated the molecular epidemiology of camel GBS and its implications for mastitis control and public health. Results Using whole genome sequencing, we analysed 65 camel milk GBS isolates from 19 herds in Isiolo, Kenya. Six sequence types (STs) were identified, mostly belonging to previously described camel-specific STs. One isolate belonged to ST1, a predominantly human-associated lineage, possibly as a result of interspecies transmission. Most (54/65) isolates belonged to ST616, indicative of contagious transmission. Phylogenetic analysis of GBS core genomes showed similar levels of heterogeneity within- and between herds, suggesting ongoing between-herd transmission. The lactose operon, a marker of GBS adaptation to the mammary niche, was found in 75 % of the isolates, and tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) in all but two isolates. Only the ST1 isolate harboured virulence genes scpB and lmb, which are associated with human host adaptation. Conclusions GBS in milk from Kenyan camel herds largely belongs to ST616 and shows signatures of adaptation to the udder. The finding of similar levels of within- and between herd heterogeneity of GBS in camel herds, as well as potential human-camel transmission highlights the need for improved internal as well as external biosecurity to curb disease transmission and increase milk production.


2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lowell Lewis ◽  
John Chew ◽  
Iain Woodley ◽  
Jeni Colbourne ◽  
Katherine Pond

Swimming pools provide an excellent facility for exercise and leisure but are also prone to contamination from microbial pathogens. The study modelled a 50-m × 20-m swimming pool using both a small-scale physical model and computational fluid dynamics to investigate how water and pathogens move around a pool in order to identify potential risk spots. Our study revealed a number of lessons for pool operators, designers and policy-makers: disinfection reaches the majority of a full-scale pool in approximately 16 minutes operating at the maximum permissible inlet velocity of 0.5 m/s. This suggests that where a pool is designed to have 15 paired inlets it is capable of distributing disinfectant throughout the water body within an acceptable time frame. However, the study also showed that the exchange rate of water is not uniform across the pool tank and that there is potential for areas of the pool tank to retain contaminated water for significant periods of time. ‘Dead spots’ exist at either end of the pool where pathogens could remain. This is particularly significant if there is a faecal release into the pool by bathers infected with Cryptosporidium parvum, increasing the potential for waterborne disease transmission.


Author(s):  
Ramesh Verma ◽  
Vinod Chayal ◽  
Meenakshi Kalhan ◽  
Rohit Dhaka ◽  
Ginni Agrawal ◽  
...  

Coronavirus disease is caused by a novel virus belonging to the family of corona viruses similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and  name given to the novel virus as SARS Coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease was named as COVID-19 on 11th February 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO). First case of this infection was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan city of China and after that it spread globally.3 On 30th January 2020, WHO declared this disease as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and on 11th March 2020, WHO declared it as a pandemic when the infection was reported from all six WHO regions.


Author(s):  
Siba Prasad Mishra ◽  
Saswat Mishra ◽  
Mohammad Siddique

The Anthropocene has succeeded the 11700 years old Holocene epoch from 1945. Biological annihilation about 6th mass extinction from Holocene to present is well marked but less documented though the human dominance over bio-geo-hydro spheres has been established. IUCN is the footage of the floral/ faunal species from mammals to microorganisms.  Many natural disasters, killer IAS and pandemic viruses are targeting human immune system. The 21st century virulent diseases are the HIV/AIDS, SARS, MERS, Swine flu. Corona viruses are not novice whereas COVID-19 viruses are mutation of old corona viruses. It is necessary to study the COVID-19 as one of the players of the 6th Mass extinction. Present work envisages the 6th mass extinction processes in India from the Holocene to present epoch. There is gradual endangering the aboriginal species, pathogens and viral species. The geospatial extinction process of 1200 years gathered from different sources and synchronized in the India’s time frame. The present outbreak of the killer COVID-19 has triggered threat to very human existence in mid latitudes affecting 5.0 millon and fatalities 325K people over 215 countries and two ships in the globe and 101 thousand confirmed cases and 3.3K people in India (till 20.05.2020).The pandemic has paralyzed the human’s social, economic, political activities and deteriorated world economy since last four months. The viral invasion is geospatially delimiting the climate change, extreme events, economy, sociology and mass immunity of the vibrant urban demography.


Author(s):  
Yongchang Xu ◽  
Leyi Wang ◽  
Xu Jia ◽  
Youjun Feng

A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that is initially found to trigger human severe respiratory illness in Wuhan City of China, 2019, has been recognized as a public health emergency of international concern. In the past two months, this deadly agent has caused 77,785 cases with 2,666 deaths via rapid person-to-person transmission and reached at least 25 countries. However, its evolutionary origin is poorly understood. Here we show integrative evidence that 2019-nCoV is a possible progenitor for SARS-CoV with bat origin. Our finding underscores the importance of tracing origin in the efficient monitoring, and effectively preventing the interspecies transmission of such emerging/re-emerging coronaviruses.


Author(s):  
P. G. I. Dias ◽  
R. M. U. S. K. Rathnayaka

COVID 19 can be considered as the most devastating pandemics that happened in the 21st century. Many researches on its virology, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatments are ongoing. Studies on the causative virus of COVID 19 has been successfully carried out. Its genome has been sequenced, analyzed and compared with other corona viruses in those studies. Some studies on disease transmission also been carried out and as an outcome of those studies, information about the stability of the virus in different conditions and sources of disease transmission are available. Symptoms of the disease also been successfully identified and diagnosis methods to identify infected patients are also been developed. Preventive measures for the disease also been published and implemented in many countries. However, at the time of writing, there is no permanent cure for this viral infection and it would take time to develop a vaccine and/or other medicine for this disease.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-94
Author(s):  
Anja Tippner

The last two decades have seen a rising interest in the Holocaust and the expulsion of ethnic Germans after World War II in Czech literature. Novels by Hana Androníková, Radka Denemarková, Magdalena Platzová, Kateřina Tučková, and Jáchym Topol share a quest for a new poetics of remembrance. Informed by contemporary discussions about Czech memory politics, these novels are characterised by spectral visions of Germans and Jews alike, a dichotomy of trauma and nostalgia, and an understanding of Czech history as postcatastrophically entangled and thus calling for multidirectional forms of remembrance. In this respect, literary memorial forms compensate for the absence of other memorial forms addressing these topics through a transnational lens. The interaction of different historical points of view is achieved by a time frame extending from the war to the present day and stressing the intercultural dynamics of Czechs, Jews, and Germans retroactively. In order to illustrate this entanglement, authors make use of popular genres, such as romance, and create texts shaped by genre fluidity, memory theory, documentary practices, and concepts of transnationality.


Author(s):  
Chun-Hsiang Chan ◽  
Tzai-Hung Wen

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic that was reported at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and was rapidly disseminated to all provinces in around one month. The study aims to assess the changes in intercity railway passenger transport on the early spatial transmission of COVID-19 in mainland China. Examining the role of railway transport properties in disease transmission could help quantify the spatial spillover effects of large-scale travel restriction interventions. This study used daily high-speed railway schedule data to compare the differences in city-level network properties (destination arrival and transfer service) before and after the Wuhan city lockdown in the early stages of the spatial transmission of COVID-19 in mainland China. Bayesian multivariate regression was used to examine the association between structural changes in the railway origin-destination network and the incidence of COVID-19 cases. Our results show that the provinces with rising transfer activities after the Wuhan city lockdown had more confirmed COVID-19 cases, but changes in destination arrival did not have significant effects. The regions with increasing transfer activities were located in provinces neighboring Hubei in the widthwise and longitudinal directions. These results indicate that transfer activities enhance interpersonal transmission probability and could be a crucial risk factor for increasing epidemic severity after the Wuhan city lockdown. The destinations of railway passengers might not be affected by the Wuhan city lockdown, but their itinerary routes could be changed due to the replacement of an important transfer hub (Wuhan city) in the Chinese railway transportation network. As a result, transfer services in the high-speed rail network could explain why the provinces surrounded by Hubei had a higher number of confirmed COVID-19 cases than other provinces.


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