scholarly journals Designing & Analysis of Supercapacitor Hybrid Battery System with Regenerative Braking

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 894-901
Author(s):  
Joel Abraham Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Rotating Magnetic Field ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Super Capacitor ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
Dynamo Mechanism ◽  
Electric Traction ◽  
Wasted Heat

Abstract: This work implements the help of a super capacitor hybridized with a battery pack to power a motor to work an electric bike. The supercapacitor of specification is built in combination with the battery pack to work in pair at instances where more load in needed. For example in situations like accelerating, decelerating, and climbing a slope. The supercapacitor is recharged while in motion using two different technologies: 1. Regenerative Braking and 2. Generator incorporated into wheel hub. Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed. In this mechanism, the electric traction motor uses the vehicle's momentum to recover energy that would otherwise be lost to the brake discs as heat. This contrasts with conventional braking systems, where the excess kinetic energy is converted to unwanted and wasted heat due to friction in the brakes, or with dynamic brakes, where the energy is recovered by using electric motors as generators but is immediately dissipated as heat in resistors. In addition to improving the overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can significantly extend the life of the braking system as the mechanical parts will not wear out very quickly. The system uses Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction to induce an EMF and generate voltage by passing a current carrying conductor through a rotating magnetic field. Using this implementation, it has been noted that the battery life has been increased significantly and the total range of the bike has also increased considerably. Keywords: Batteries, Battery pack, Supercapacitor, Hybrid power system, Dynamo mechanism

Optimal Approach to Improving the Utilization of Regenerative Energy Considering Power Profile

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110049
Author(s):  
Juanjuan Cai ◽  
Jing Xun ◽  
Xiangyu Ji ◽  
Yue Lei
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Urban Rail Transit ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Energy Calculation ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Optimal Approach ◽  
Regenerative Energy

Urban rail transit (URT) develops rapidly in modern cities, and its energy efficiency attracts extensive attention. The utilization of regenerative energy (URE) is an important method for energy-efficient operation of URT. Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down a moving train by converting its kinetic energy into electric energy. The electric energy can be utilized for other trains to accelerate in a cooperative way. To take full advantage of the regenerative energy, an energy calculation method which considers regenerative braking power to optimize the timetable is proposed in this paper. First, four operating modes of URE are defined and an integer programming model is formulated. Second, a branch and bound algorithm is designed to solve the optimal timetable in different scenarios. Third, the model is evaluated based on the operation data from the Yanfang Line, Beijing Metro, China. For peak hours, the results illustrate that the proposed method can significantly improve URE by 73.7% compared with the original timetable. Also, URE can be improved by 46.3% for off-peak hours. Finally, the comparison between the proposed method and the method based on the kinetic energy theorem is given. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed method could increase URE by 29.7% and 9.9% for peak and off-peak hours scenarios, respectively, in comparison with the method based on the kinetic energy theorem.

Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic-Pneumatic Regenerative Braking System

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Agwu Nnanna ◽  
Erik Rolfs ◽  
James Taylor ◽  
Karla Ariadny Freitas Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Gear Pump ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Overall Efficiency

Design and development of energy efficient vehicles is of paramount importance to the automobile industry. Energy efficiency can be enhanced through recovery of the kinetic energy lost in the form of waste heat during braking. The kinetic energy could be converted into a reusable energy source and aid in acceleration, hence the braking system would contribute to improving the overall efficiency of a vehicle. Hydraulic-Pneumatic Regenerative Braking (HPRB) systems are a hybrid drive system that works in tandem with a vehicle’s engine and drivetrain to improve efficiency and fuel-economy. A HPRB system functions by recovering the energy typically lost to heat during vehicle braking, and storing this energy as a reusable source that can propel a vehicle from a stop. The major advantages of a HPRB system are that a vehicle would not require its engine to run during braking to stop, nor would the engine be required to accelerate the vehicle initially from a stop. The benefit realized by this system is an increase in fuel-efficiency, reduced vehicle emissions, and overall financial savings. An HPRB system aids in slowing a vehicle by creating a drag on the driveline as it recovers and stores energy during braking. Therefore, HPRB system operation reduces wear by minimizing the amount of work performed by the brake pads and rotors. An experimental investigation of Hydraulic-Pneumatic Regenerative Braking (HPRB) system was conducted to measure the system’s overall efficiency and available power output. The HPRB in this study is a 1/10th lab-scale model of a light-duty four wheel vehicle. The design/size was based on a 3500 lbs light-duty four wheel vehicle with an estimated passenger weight of 500 lbs. It was assumed that the vehicle can accelerate from 0–15 mph in 2 seconds. The aim of this work is to examine the effect of heat losses due to irreversibility on energy recovery. The experimental facility consisted of a hydraulic pump, two hydraulic-pneumatic accumulators, solenoid and relief valves, and data acquisition system. The HPRB system did not include any driveline components necessary to attach this system onto a vehicle’s chassis rather an electric motor was used to drive the pump and simulate the power input to the system from a spinning drive shaft. Pressure transducers, Hall effects sensor, and thermocouples were installed at suction and discharge sections of the hydraulic and pneumatic components to measure hydrodynamic and thermos-physical properties. The measured data were used to determine the system’s energy recovery and power delivery efficiency. Results showed that the HPRB system is capable of recovering 47% of the energy input to the system during charging, and 64% efficient in power output during discharging with an input and output of 0.33 and 0.21 horsepower respectively. Inefficiencies during operation were attributed to heat generation from the gear pump but especially due to the piston accumulator, where heat loss attributed to a 12% reduction in energy potential alone.

scholarly journals Impacts of Driving Conditions on EV Battery Pack Life Cycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijun Liu ◽  
Fenfang Chen ◽  
Yuxiang Tong ◽  
Zihang Wang ◽  
Xiaoli Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
The Impact

The aging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a crucial issue and must be investigated. The aging rate of LIBs depends not only on the material and electrochemical performance but also on the working conditions. In order to assess the impact of vehicle driving conditions, including the driving cycle, ambient temperature, charging mode, and trip distance on the battery life cycle, this paper first establishes an electric vehicle (EV) energy flow model to solve the operating parameters of the battery pack while working. Then, a powertrain test is carried out to verify the simulation model. Based on the simulated data under different conditions, the battery capacity fade process is estimated by using a semi-empirical aging model. The mileage (Ф) traveled by the vehicle before the end of life (EOL) of the battery pack is then calculated and taken as the evaluation index. The results indicate that the Ф is higher when the vehicle drives the Japanese chassis dynamometer test cycle JC08 than in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and the Federal Test Procedure (FTP-75). The Ф will be dramatically reduced at both low and high ambient temperatures. Fast charging can increase the Ф at low ambient temperatures, whereas long trip driving can always increase Ф to varying degrees.

scholarly journals A Fuzzy-Based Product Life Cycle Prediction for Sustainable Development in the Electric Vehicle Industry

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung Po Tsang ◽  
Wai Chi Wong ◽  
G. Q. Huang ◽  
Chun Ho Wu ◽  
Y. H. Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Product Life

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) has drawn considerable attention to the establishment of sustainable transport systems to enable improvements in energy optimization and air quality. EVs are now widely used by the public as one of the sustainable transportation measures. Nevertheless, battery charging for EVs create several challenges, for example, lack of charging facilities in urban areas and expensive battery maintenance. Among various components in EVs, the battery pack is one of the core consumables, which requires regular inspection and repair in terms of battery life cycle and stability. The charging efficiency is limited to the power provided by the facilities, and therefore the current business model for EVs is not sustainable. To further improve its sustainability, plug-in electric vehicle battery pack standardization (PEVBPS) is suggested to provide a uniform, standardized and mobile EV battery that is managed by centralized service providers for repair and maintenance tasks. In this paper, a fuzzy-based battery life-cycle prediction framework (FBLPF) is proposed to effectively manage the PEVBPS in the market, which integrates the multi-responses Taguchi method (MRTM) and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) as a whole for the decision-making process. MRTM is formulated based on selection of the most relevant and critical input variables from domain experts and professionals, while ANFIS takes part in time-series forecasting of the customized product life-cycle for demand and electricity consumption. With the aid of the FPLCPF, the revolution of the EV industry can be revolutionarily boosted towards total sustainable development, resulting in pro-active energy policies in the PEVBPS eco-system.

scholarly journals Coordinated Control Schemes of Super-Capacitor and Kinetic Energy of DFIG for System Frequency Support

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liansong Xiong ◽  
Yujun Li ◽  
Yixin Zhu ◽  
Ping Yang ◽  
Zhirong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Coordinated Control ◽  
Super Capacitor ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
System Frequency

Experimental Evaluation of Cell Balancing Algorithms with Arduino Based Monitoring System

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 968-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Talha ◽  
◽  
Furqan Asghar ◽  
Sung Ho Kim ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Battery Systems ◽  
Response Output ◽  
Multiple Cells ◽  
Cell Balancing ◽  
Partial Current

The trend toward more electric vehicles has demanded the need for high efficiency, high voltage and long life battery systems [1,_2]. Also renewable energy systems carry huge battery backups to overcome the renewable source shortage. Battery systems are affected by many factors, cells unbalancing is one of most important among these factors. Without the balancing system, individual cell voltages will differ over time that will decrease the battery pack capacity quickly. This condition is especially severe when the battery has a long string of cells and frequent regenerative charging is done via battery pack. Cell balancing is a method of designing safer battery solutions that extends battery runtime as well as battery life. Balancing mechanism can help in equalizing the state of charge across the multiple cells, therefore increasing the performance of battery system. Different cell balancing methodologies have been proposed for battery pack in recent years. These methods have some merits and demerits in comparison to each other; e.g. balancing time, complexity and active or passive balancing etc. In this paper, current bypass active cell balancing and Arduino based monitoring system designing and implementation is carried out. In charging process, this balancing technique provides partial current bypass using charging slope for weak cells. Also the passive shunt resistor technique is implemented to compare and verify the proposed system efficient response. Output result shows that this proposed balancing technique can perform cell balancing in much effective and efficient way as compared to previous balancing techniques. Using this cell balancing technique, we can improve overall battery health and lifetime.

Stationary super-capacitor energy storage system to save regenerative braking energy in a metro line

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 206-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Teymourfar ◽  
Behzad Asaei ◽  
Hossein Iman-Eini ◽  
Razieh Nejati fard
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Super Capacitor

scholarly journals Application of Super Capacitor in HEV Regenerative Braking System

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoming Zhang ◽  
Yinghai Wang ◽  
Peh Lian Soon
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Super Capacitor ◽  
Braking System

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Baterai untuk Mengurangi Beban Puncak dan Meningkatkan Penyerapan Energi Regenerative Braking pada Kereta Api

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Hari Maghfiroh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Super Capacitor

Semakin meningkatnya kebutuhan transportasi dan meningkatnya pemanasan global akibat polusi, maka sistem transportasi massal merupakan alternative utama. Kereta api merupakan salah satu moda transportasi yang paling effisien dari segi energi dibandingkan moda transportasi lain. Kereta api listrik merupakan kereta yang ramah lingkuangan. Akan tetapi, kereta ini memerlukan energi listrik yang besar. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi konsumsi energi kereta listrik adalah dengan regenerative braking. Listrik hasil regenerative braking kurang dapat termanfaatkan dan kebanyakan dibuang di brake resistor. Energy Storage System (ESS) dapat dipakai untuk menyimpan energi hasil regenerative braking. ESS dapat diletakkan disamping lintas (track-side) maupun pada sarana kereta api (on-board). ESS on-board (ESS-OB) memiliki efisiensi dan manajemen energi yang lebih mudah. Baterai dipilih menjadi ESS-OB karena marupakan salah satu jenis ESS yang lebih unggul dibanding tipe lain yaitu flywheel dan super-capacitor. Pengujian simulasi dilakukan dengan memodelkan substasiun, kereta api, ESS-OB, dan brake resistor. Pada pengujian kereta berjalan diantara dua substasiun dan berhenti di tiga stasiun kereta api. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan baterai sebagai ESS-OB di kereta mampu menyerap energi hasil regenerative braking dengan baik dan mampu mengurangi beban puncak hingga 2,11 %. Penghematan energi akan lebih banyak jika diterapkan pada beberapa unit kereta dan frekuensi perjalanan yang lebih tinggi. Penambahan baterai ini juga meningkatkan massa kereta hingga 0,07%.

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