scholarly journals Hukum Vaksin MR: Teori Istihalah dan Istihlak versus Fatwa MUI

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Alyasa' Abubakar ◽  
Ali Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
The World

Measles and rubella are infectious diseases that cause very dangerous diseases throughout the world. Both diseases are incurable; can only be prevented by administering the MR (Measles Rubella) vaccine. However, in Indonesia, the implementation of vaccination for these two diseases did not run smoothly due to the circulation of information that the basic ingredients or the process of making vaccines involved elements of pigs. On that basis, the Indonesian Ulema Council issued Fatwa Number 33 of 2018 concerning the Use of Mr (Measles Rubella) Vaccine Products from SII (Serum Institute Of India) for Immunization which stipulates that "the use of vaccines that utilize pig elements and their derivatives is unlawful". The MUI equates the involvement of pork as the main ingredient and as a medium for making vaccines. This paper relates the fatwa to the prohibition of certain objects in the Qur'an, hadith, and interpretations made by scholars, especially related to the theory of istihālah (perfect change) and istihlāk (mixing). Both of these theories are used in the thought of the scholars of schools and at the present time, especially in objects that are changed through fermentation and synthetic processes, which can be called chemical engineering. Campak dan rubella merupakan penyakit infeksi yang mengakibatkan pernyakit sangat berbahaya  di seluruh dunia. Kedua penyakit tidak dapat diobati; hanya dapat dicegah dengan pemberian vaksin MR (Measles Rubella). Namun demikian, di Indonesia, pelaksanaan vaksinasi untuk kedua penyakit ini tidak berjalan lancar karena beredarnya informasi bahwa bahan dasar atau proses pembuatan vaksin terlibat unsur babi. Atas dasar itu,   Majelis Ulama Indonesia menerbitkan Fatwa Nomor  33 Tahun 2018 tentang Penggunaan Vaksin Mr (Measles Rubella) Produk dari SII (Serum Intitute Of India) untuk Imunisasi yang menentukan bahwa  “penggunaan vaksin yang memanfaatkan unsur babi dan turunannya hukumnya haram”.  MUI menyamakan keterlibatan unsur babi sebagai bahan utama dan sebagai media pembuatan vaksin. Tulisan ini mengubungkan fatwa tersebut dengan keharaman benda tertentu dalam al-Qur'an,  hadis,  dan penafsiran yang dilakukan para ulama, terutama terkait dengan teori istihālah (perubahan sempurna) dan istihlāk (percampuran). Kedua teori ini digunakan dalam pemikiran para ulama mazhab dan pada masa sekarang, terutama sekali pada benda-benda yang berubah melalui proses fermentasi dan sintetis, yang dapat disebut sebagai rekayasa kimiawi.

Organization of restrictive quarantine measures to prevent especially dangerous infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Petr Ilyin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
Health Regulations

Especially dangerous infections (EDIs) belong to the conditionally labelled group of infectious diseases that pose an exceptional epidemic threat. They are highly contagious, rapidly spreading and capable of affecting wide sections of the population in the shortest possible time, they are characterized by the severity of clinical symptoms and high mortality rates. At the present stage, the term "especially dangerous infections" is used only in the territory of the countries of the former USSR, all over the world this concept is defined as "infectious diseases that pose an extreme threat to public health on an international scale." Over the entire history of human development, more people have died as a result of epidemics and pandemics than in all wars combined. The list of especially dangerous infections and measures to prevent their spread were fixed in the International Health Regulations (IHR), adopted at the 22nd session of the WHO's World Health Assembly on July 26, 1969. In 1970, at the 23rd session of the WHO's Assembly, typhus and relapsing fever were excluded from the list of quarantine infections. As amended in 1981, the list included only three diseases represented by plague, cholera and anthrax. However, now annual additions of new infections endemic to different parts of the earth to this list take place. To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has already included more than 100 diseases in the list of especially dangerous infections.

1+1 > 2: Integration of the Host-directed Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Virus-targeted Modern Medicine in Control of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Jianjun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The World ◽  
Plausible Mechanism

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of infections and hundreds of thousands deaths in the world. The pandemic is still ongoing and no specific antivirals have been found to control COVID-19. The integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine with supportive measures of Modern Medicine has reportedly played an important role in the control of COVID-19 in China. This review summarizes the evidence of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19 and discusses the plausible mechanism of TCM in control of COVID-19 and other viral infectious diseases.

A geographical analysis of the first wave of Covid-19 with reference to highland and lowland regions of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-281
Author(s):  
Bindhy Wasini Pandey ◽  
◽  
Yuvraj Singh ◽  
Usha Rani ◽  
Roosen Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Regional Disparity ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Indian Himalayan Region ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The issue of health has become a major concern in recent years as a result of extensive coverage of media reporting outbreaks of diseases and the spread of deadly infectious diseases around the world. There has been a growing concern over the accessibility and affordability of healthcare facilities. The spread of the ongoing pandemic COVID-19 has been felt all over the world. However, the rate of infection varies across certain regions of the world. There exists intra-regional disparity as well. Recent research shows that there are latitudinal and altitudinal variations in the spread of the COVID-19. This paper studies variation of infection COVID-19 across the highlands of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and the lowland areas in India. The paper also examines the role of geographical spaces in the spread of coronavirus in these regions. The study indicates that place-based effects (altitude, temperature, pollution levels, etc.) on health can be seen in a variety of ways; therefore, locational issues are very important for addressing health questions. The paper also analyses the Spatio-temporal pattern of the COVID-19 pandemic in the study area to understand the nature of the disease in different locations.

Special Issue on "Immunomodulatory and therapeutic approaches against infectious diseases"

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Lavkush Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
The World ◽  
Insight Into

Infectious diseases and consequent immune imbalancesare major constraint in human health managementthroughout the world. However, in recentdecades enormous efforts have been made to elucidatethe immunomodulatory approaches againstinfectious diseases. Immunomodulation is a therapeuticapproach in which we try to intervene inauto regulating processes of the defense system toadjust the immune response at a desired level.The present special issue on cutting edge issues inImmunomodulation like Immune stimulation, Immunesuppression, Immune potentiating and immunereinforcement summarizes our current understandingof this complex mosaic. The accompanyingselection of recent articles from across theworld provides further insight into this topic. 

scholarly journals Imported Malaria in the Material of the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine: A Review of 82 Patients in the Years 2002–2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kuna ◽  
Michal Gajewski ◽  
Beata Szostakowska ◽  
Waclaw L. Nahorski ◽  
Przemyslaw Myjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Severe Malaria ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Tropical Medicine ◽  
Imported Malaria ◽  
University Center ◽  
The World ◽  
Who Standards ◽  
Elevated Creatinine ◽  
The University

Malaria is, along with tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, one of the three most dangerous infectious diseases in the world. In the absence of native cases since 1963, malaria has remained in Poland an exclusively imported disease, mainly occurring in people travelling to tropical and subtropical areas for professional reasons. The aim of this study was the epidemiological and clinical analysis of 82 patients admitted to the University Center for Maritime and Tropical Medicine (UCMTM), Gdynia, Poland, with a diagnosis of malaria between 2002 and 2014. The “typical” patient with malaria was male, middle-aged, returned from Africa within the preceding 4 weeks, had not used appropriate chemoprophylaxis, and had not applied nonpharmacological methods of prophylaxis, except for window insect screens.P. falciparumwas the most frequent species. The most common symptoms included fever, shivers and intensive sweating, thrombocytopenia, elevated creatinine, LDH, D-dimers and CRP, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Within the analyzed group, severe malaria according to WHO standards was diagnosed in 20.7% of patients. Our report presents analysis of the largest series of patients treated for imported malaria in Poland.

scholarly journals Routine immunization services in the light of COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2867
Author(s):  
Chinnu Sara Varughese ◽  
Anuradha Kunal Shah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

World immunisation week is observed every year in the last week of 24th April to 30th April. Many parts of the world are still reeling under the threats of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and the importance of vaccination cannot be understated even in times of any other crisis. Worldwide, millions of children are saved from the grip of infectious diseases like polio and measles, and annually, around 2 to 3 million deaths are being averted. Routine immunization services, mass vaccination campaigns, catch up, and mop up sessions through outreach activities form part of the vaccine delivery strategies.

scholarly journals New edition of International Travel and Health book from WHO

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ciotti
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
The World

International travel is undertaken by large, and ever increasing, numbers of people. More people travel longer distances and at greater speed than ever before; an upward trend that looks set to continue. Travellers are thus exposed to a variety of health risks in unfamiliar environments. Most of these risks, however, can be minimised by suitable precautions taken before, during, and after travel. Virtually any place in the world can be reached within 36 hours, less than the incubation period for most infectious diseases.

Infectious Diseases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Fink
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
High Resource ◽  
The World ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Immunomodulatory Therapies

Infectious diseases are global and local. They impact health and dis­ease in every country, but protean factors— cultural, geographical, and political— determine their particular local distribution. Every single patient is globally colonized by microorganisms, but singular behaviours, genetics and co- morbidities significantly determine what organisms cause disease in any individual. The practice of infectious diseases medi­cine necessarily demands an understanding of the person and the world in which they live. This chapter will emphasize the importance of context in assessing patients for infectious diseases. In terms of global mortality, communicable diseases remain the leading causes of mortality. Despite the evocative epithet of ‘infectious diseases’, these are not all caused by creatures that creep and crawl. Cosmopolitan diseases (i.e. universally distributed infections such as influenza or bac­terial pneumonia) represent a huge burden wherever medicine is prac­tised. However, it is important to note that in high- resource settings, infection imported by travel and migration is increasing. In particular, the international traffic of emerging infections, such as Zika virus, and anti-microbial resistance (AMR) are already major healthcare problems. As the world shrinks and the climate changes, the distribution of infectious diseases will continue to change. The threat of AMR no longer looms— it is a present and real danger. In the time it will take for disciples of this text to reach the end of their specialty training, AMR will account annually for more deaths than cancer. The delivery of almost all interventional, surgical, and immunomodulatory therapies depends on our ability to provide effective anti- microbial prophylaxis and rescue. The ability of organisms to adapt rapidly to novel iatrogenic selection pressures means that the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and manifold other pathogens will be compromised, not simply anti- bacterial agents. The future of modern medicine depends on the global healthcare community sharing both concern and responsibility. This chapter will include cases pertaining to the management of AMR.

scholarly journals Qualitative Research: Institutional Preparedness During Threats of Infectious Disease Outbreaks

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doret de Rooij ◽  
Evelien Belfroid ◽  
Renske Eilers ◽  
Dorothee Roßkamp ◽  
Corien Swaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
High Resource ◽  
The World ◽  
Centralized Care

Background. As demonstrated during the global Ebola crisis of 2014–2016, healthcare institutions in high resource settings need support concerning preparedness during threats of infectious disease outbreaks. This study aimed to exploratively develop a standardized preparedness system to use during unfolding threats of severe infectious diseases. Methods. A qualitative three-step study among infectious disease prevention and control experts was performed. First, interviews (n=5) were conducted to identify which factors trigger preparedness activities during an unfolding threat. Second, these triggers informed the design of a phased preparedness system which was tested in a focus group discussion (n=11). Here preparedness activities per phase and per healthcare institution were identified. Third, the preparedness system was completed and verified in individual interviews (n=3). Interviews and the focus group were recorded, transcribed, and coded for emerging themes by two researchers independently. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Results. Four preparedness phases were identified: preparedness phase green is a situation without the presence of the infectious disease threat that requires centralized care, anywhere in the world. Phase yellow is an outbreak in the world with some likelihood of imported cases. Phase orange is a realistic chance of an unexpected case within the country, or unrest developing among population or staff; phase red is cases admitted to hospitals in the country, potentially causing a shortage of resources. Specific preparedness activities included infection prevention, diagnostics, patient care, staff, and communication. Consensus was reached on the need for the development of a preparedness system and national coordination during threats. Conclusions. In this study, we developed a standardized system to support institutional preparedness during an increasing threat. Use of this system by both curative healthcare institutions and the (municipal) public health service, could help to effectively communicate and align preparedness activities during future threats of severe infectious diseases.

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