scholarly journals Effect of mangosteen peel extract on BPA-exposed murine during gestation

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
K.L. Loh ◽  
◽  
P.J. Kwong ◽  
M.Y. Chan ◽  
G.C. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Mangosteen Peel ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Peel Extract

Aim: To evaluate the potential protective effects of mangosteen peel extract against BPA-induced abnormalities on-pregnant mice fetus at implantation stage and offspring at post-parturition. Methodology: Pregnant mice were orally administered with BPA (100mg kg-1 b.wt.) and mangosteen peel extract (200mg kg-1 b.wt.) for 16 days. In order to evaluate the effect of MPE treatment on fetus at implantation stage, the pregnant mice were euthanized at day 18 and the fetus number and morphology were examined. Another group of treated dams, were allowed to undergo parturition for evaluating the of maternal weight, litter size and offspring sex-skewness. Results: Upon feeding Mangosteen peel extract (MPE), the average daily weight gain of dams were not significantly different from the control and BPA treated dams. The fetus derived from BPA treated dams were detected with abnormalities such as under development, haemorrhage and absence of vein, whereas fetus from dam treated with MPE and BPA as well as control were normal. The average litter size of all the treatment groups were not significantly different from the control group. BPA treated mice had lower pups survival up to 6 weeks compared to the groups treated with MPE and control. Test of proportion analysis showed BPA-treated group had significantly higher fraction female ratio. Interpretation: BPA is known as endocrine disruptor causing oxidative stress to female reproductive system, hence mangosteen peel extract contains antioxidant substances that have the potential to ameliorate the adverse effects of BPA exposure on dams during pregnancy and its fetus development.

Protective effects of histamine on Gq-mediated relaxation in regenerated endothelium

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (2) ◽  
pp. H286-H290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin K. Chan ◽  
Song Yan Liao ◽  
Yue Lin Zhang ◽  
Aimin Xu ◽  
Hung Fat Tse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Porcine Coronary Artery ◽  
Endogenous Histamine ◽  
Coronary Endothelium ◽  
Treatment Control Group

In the porcine coronary artery, regenerated endothelium is dysfunctional as regards the responses to endothelium-dependent agonists. The current study aimed to determine the possible involvement of histamine in such dysfunction. Pigs were treated chronically with pyrilamine (H1 receptor inhibitor, 2 mg·kg−1·day−1) with part of their coronary endothelium and allowed to regenerate for 28 days after balloon denudation. The results showed a reduction in relaxation to bradykinin (Gq protein dependent) only in the pyrilamine-treated group (area under the curve, 269.7 ± 13.4 vs. 142.0 ± 31.0, native endothelium vs. regenerated endothelium) but not in the control group (253.0 ± 22.1 vs. 231.9 ± 29.5, native endothelium vs. regenerated endothelium). The differences in the relaxation to serotonin (Gi protein dependent) between native and regenerated endothelium were not affected by the pyrilamine treatment (control group, 106.3 ± 17.0 vs. 55.61 ± 12.7; and pyrilamine group, 106.0 ± 8.20 vs. 49.30 ± 6.31, native endothelium vs. regenerated endothelium). These findings indicate that during regeneration of the endothelium, the activation of H1 receptors by endogenous histamine may be required to maintain the endothelium-dependent Gq protein-mediated relaxation to bradykinin, suggesting a beneficial role of the monoamine in the process of endothelial regeneration.

Consequences of Microwave oven Exposed Diet on The Basal Lamina of Seminiferous Tubules of Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 2141-2144
Author(s):  
Kishwar Naheed ◽  
Muhammad Saad Abdullah ◽  
Maria Yousaf ◽  
Humaira Ali ◽  
Fareeha Mushtaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Trial Methodology ◽  
Experimental Group

Usage of electronic gadgets like microwave oven is increasing day by day that heats the food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiations which has many hazardous effects on human health including fertility. Aim: To find the effects of microwave oven exposed diet on basal lamina of seminiferous tubules of mice alongwith protective effects of Mentha piperita and melatonin on the same tissue. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Methodology: Adult male mice (n=32) were divided into four groups. Control group (G1) received standard pellets prepared for mice. Second group (G2) was given mice pellets exposed to microwave oven. Third group (G3) received Mentha Piperita leaf extract along with mice pellets exposed to microwave oven and the fourth group (G4) received oral melatonin along with pellets exposed to microwave oven. Later their testicular tissue was removed for histological examination while basal lamina disruption was assessed by scoring. Data analyzed by SPSS 22.0v. Results: In group G2, there was slight disruption in the basal lamina in 75% of the cases while in experimental group G3, there was slight disruption of basal lamina only in 12.5% of the cases. However, in group G4, only 25% specimen had slight disruption of basal lamina Conclusion: It was concluded that microwave oven exposed diet produced severe disruption of basal lamina in group G2 that decreased in Mentha piperita and melatonin treated groups. However, Mentha piperita treated group produced better results than melatonin treated group. Keywords: Mice, Testis, Basal Lamina, Mentha piperita and Melatonin

scholarly journals Ameliorating Effect of L-arginine and Insulin on Streptozotocin-induced Adrenal Gland Injury in Albino Rats

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mahar ◽  
Alisha Qamar ◽  
lnayatullah ◽  
Sarwath Fatimee ◽  
Mohammad Fawad Saeeduddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Group B

Background:Use of dietary supplements to treat illnesses has increasedtremendously in recentyears.Adrenal gland is one ofthemost commonly damaged endocrine gland in the body, not only by chemical or radiation injuries, but also as a result of differenttypes of stress.Search is underway for use ofnatural foods for protection of adrenal gland from different types ofinsults.Objective: To determine the protective effects of L-arginine on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced adrenal gland injury in albino rats,andto compare its efficacy to insulin.Material and Methods: This prospective experimental study was done at BMSI, JPMC, Karachi. Forty male, healthy albino rats,90-120 days old were segregated into 4 groups. Group A was marked as control, group B was administered STZ, group C and Dwere treated with STZ along with insulin and L-arginine respectively. At the end of study period, i.e., 6 weeks, animals weresacrificed under ether anaesthesia. Tissue from the left adrenal gland was processed for frozen sectioning to observe fat content ofthe adrenal cortex by applying OilRed O stain.Results: Oil Red-0 stained frozen sections revealed closely aggregated fat globules in adrenal cortex of STZ treated group B ascompared to control. Moderate betterment was seen in group C and in group D Oil Red O stained frozen sections as compared toSTZ treated group B.Conclusion: The results ofthe study demonstrated adrenal cortex injury by STZ which ameliorated with concomitant use of insulinandL-arginine. The protection was more pronounced with L-arginine as comparedto insulin.Keywords:STZ, adrenal gland,insulin,L-arginine

scholarly journals Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Model to Predict Antioxidant Effects of the Peptide Fraction Extracted from a Co-Culture System of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Yarrowia lipolytica

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Huifan Liu ◽  
Sufen Li ◽  
Yuming Zhong ◽  
Jianliang Liu ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Relationship Model

In this study, the antioxidant components in co-culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Yarrowia lipolytica (3:1 ratio) were confirmed as trypsin-hydrolyzed peptides (EHPs). The EHPs were composed of 836 different peptides with molecular weights ranging from 639 to 3531 Da and were mainly composed of hydrophobic amino acids (48.1%). These peptides showed remarkable protective effects against oxidative stress in HepG2, which may be attributed to their structures. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were significantly lower in the peptide-treated group than in the control group, suggesting that the antioxidant enzyme-coding genes were not activated. The EC50 value of three peptides in the EHPs were in the order of AGYSPIGFVR (0.04 ± 0.002 mg/mL) > VLDELTLAR (0.09 ± 0.001 mg/mL) > LFDPVYLFDQG (0.41 ± 0.03 mg/mL); these results agreed with the prediction of the model (R2 > 0.9, Q2 > 0.5). Thus, EHPs show potential as potent new antioxidant agents.

scholarly journals Prophylactic Use of Meloxicam and Paracetamol in Peripartal Sows Suffering From Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Schoos ◽  
Ilias Chantziaras ◽  
Jordy Vandenabeele ◽  
Evelien Biebaut ◽  
Evelyne Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Health Parameters

Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS) is a major economic problem in modern sow farms. General treatment of PPDS consists of the use of oxytocin to promote milk ejection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to alleviate inflammatory processes. So far, studies investigated the use of a single administration of NSAIDs after parturition in healthy and non-healthy sows. The current study investigated whether administration of meloxicam or paracetamol in sows prior to parturition improves sow and piglet health as well as performance in a farm with PPDS problems in sows. Sixty sows and 978 piglets from a Belgian farrow-to-finish farm were enrolled. Sows were randomly divided into three groups: a non-treated control group, a meloxicam-treated group and a paracetamol-treated group. Treatment was administered orally for 7 days from gestation day 113 onwards. Performance and health parameters investigated in sows were gestation length, farrowing duration, litter characteristics, colostrum yield and quality (Immunoglobulin G), litter weight gain, weaning-to-estrus interval, pregnancy rate, rectal temperature, acute phase proteins and inflammatory markers serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, interferon γ, interleukin 1β and 6 backfat, constipation and feed refusal. Performance and health parameters in piglets were birthweight, average daily weight gain, colostrum intake and mortality. Paracetamol-treated sows showed a significantly (P = 0.04) lower rectal temperature (mean ± SD: 38.09 ± 0.18°C) than the meloxicam-treated sows (38.24 ± 0.18°C), but not than the control group (38.22 ± 0.18°C). Sows of the paracetamol-treated group had a significantly (P = 0.001) longer gestation length (116.3 ± 0.9 days) than sows of the control group (115.3 ± 0.6 days), but not than meloxicam-treated sows (115.9 ± 0.9 days). No significant differences between the three groups were found for all the other parameters. In conclusion, the prophylactic oral administration of either meloxicam or paracetamol for 7 days starting 2 days prior to farrowing did not show beneficial effects on both health and performance parameters of sows and piglets.

scholarly journals HEMATOLOGICAL TOXICITY IN RATS;

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 342-346
Author(s):  
Noor ul Ain ◽  
Nusrat Bano ◽  
Anwar Ejaz Beg ◽  
Kamran Hameed ◽  
Talha Bin Fayyaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hematological Toxicity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Normal Saline Group

Objectives: Oxaliplatin causes hematological toxicities in clinical setting whichlimits its efficacy. The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of Andrographispaniculata against hematological toxicity caused by oxaliplatin. Study design: Experimentalanimal study. Period: Study takes 8 month from March 2015 to Oct 2015. Setting: Dow universityanimal house. Method: Wistar albino male rats, divided into 3 equals groups (n=6): GroupN* was a control group (0.9% normal saline), Group NP0 was Oxaliplatin treated group andGroup NP1 was prophylactically treated with Andrographis paniculata followed by Oxaliplatinin order to assess the protective effects of Andrographis paniculata against the hematologictoxicity caused by Oxaliplatin. Results: Prophylactic treatment with Andrographis paniculata(NP1) significantly increases the levels of platelets and neutrophile count compared with thestandard (NP0) (p<0.01) and increases the RBCs count and levels of hemoglobin comparedwith the standard (NP0). Conclusion: Prophylactic treatment with Andrographis paniculata(NP1) was effective in reducing risk of thrombocytopenia, anemia and neutropenia associatedwith Oxaliplatin.

scholarly journals UJI EFEK ANALGESIK EKSTRAK KULIT MANGGIS (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA L.) PADA MENCIT SWISS (MUSS MUSCULUS)

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ripka Margaretha Ponggele
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Reference Solution ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Mangosteen Peel ◽  
Pain Stimuli ◽  
Peel Extract

Background:Indonesia is the country with the second largest plants after Brazil. One of the plants that grow in Indonesia is the mangosteen plant is utilized as a medicine by the people of Indonesia but also by people in some other countries. Mangosteen skin is most often used to treat diseases such as fever, diarrhea, hypertension, antioksidant, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and many other diseases. This study aims to prove the presence or absence laboratorik analgesic effects of mangosteen peel extract in mice.Methods:This study uses a sample of nine experimental Swiss mice. The sample was divided into 3 groups, namely the positive control group given the drug tramadol, negative control group given distilled water control and experimental groups were given mangosteen peel extract, each group consisted of three mice. Testing is done by providing analgesic effects of pain stimuli using thermal stimuli (hot plate method) with a temperature of 550C. Given pain stimuli will cause the mice were protecting themselves by jumping response or lick the feet and tail. Testing efekan algesik done before giving the test substance and the reference solution, then at minute 30,60,90 and 120 minutes after administration of the test substance and the reference solution. Tests carried out for 1 minute.Results:mangosteen peel extract has analgesic effects are starting to look at minute 30 to minute 120 with the maximum effect seen at minute 90.Conclusion:mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana, L) has analgesic effect in swiss mice (Mus musculus)Keywords: Test the effects of analgesics, the mangosteen peel extract, mangosteen skinAbstrakIndonesia merupakan negara yang mempunyai tumbuh-tumbuhan terbesar kedua setelah Brasil. Salah satu tumbuhan yang tumbuh di Indonesia adalah tanaman manggis yang sudah dimanfaatkan sebagai obat oleh penduduk Indonesia bahkan oleh penduduk di beberapa negara lain. Kulit manggis yang paling sering digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit seperti demam, diare, hipertensi, antioksidant, antibiotik, antiinflamasi, dan masih banyak penyakit lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan secara laboratorik ada tidaknya efek analgesik dari ekstrak kulit manggis pada mencit.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan sampel 9 ekor mencit Swiss. Sampel di bagi dalam 3 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol positif yang diberikan obat tramadol, kelompok kontrol negatif diberikan aquades dan kelompok kontrol eksperimen yang diberikan ekstrak kulit manggis, yang masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 3 ekor mencit. Pengujian efek analgesik dilakukan dengan memberikan rangsang nyeri menggunakan metode rangsang panas (hot plate method) dengan suhu 550C. Rangsang nyeri yang diberikan akan menyebabakan mencit melakukan perlindungan diri dengan respon melompat atau menjilat kaki dan ekor. Pengujian efek analgesik dilakukan sebelum pemberian zat uji dan larutan pembanding, kemudian pada menit ke 30,60,90 dan menit ke 120 setelah pemberian zat uji dan larutan pembanding. Pengujian dilakukan selama 1 menit.Hasil : Ekstrak kulit manggis mempunyai efek analgesik yang mulai terlihat pada menit ke 30 sampai menit ke 120 dengan efek maksimalnya terlihat pada menit ke 90.Kesimpulan : Ekstrak kulit manggis (Garcinia mangostana, L) memiliki efek analgesik pada mencit swiss (Mus musculus).Kata Kunci : Uji efek analgesik, ekstrak kulit manggis, kulit manggis.

scholarly journals D-Limonene Alleviates Acute Kidney Injury Following Gentamicin Administration in Rats: Role of NF-κB Pathway, Mitochondrial Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and PCNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Esmaeel Babaeenezhad ◽  
Forouzan Hadipour Moradi ◽  
Sobhan Rahimi Monfared ◽  
Mohammad Davood Fattahi ◽  
Maryam Nasri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Myeloperoxidase Activity ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Mitochondrial Apoptosis ◽  
Protein Expressions ◽  
Apoptosis And Inflammation

Clinical application of gentamicin (GM) is well known to be associated with the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). This study was the first to investigate the possible protective effects of D-limonene (D-lim) on AKI following GM administration in rats. 32 rats arranged in four groups ( n = 8 ): (1) the control group received saline intraperitoneally (0.5 ml/day) and orally (0.5 ml/day), (2) the D-lim group received D-lim (100 mg/kg) orally and saline (0.5 ml/day) intraperitoneally, (3) the GM group received GM (100 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally and saline (0.5 ml/day) orally, and (4) the treated group received intraperitoneal GM (100 mg/kg) and oral D-lim (100 mg/kg). All treatments were performed daily for 12 consecutive days. Results revealed that D-lim ameliorated GM-induced AKI, oxidative stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, and inflammation. D-lim showed nephroprotective effects as reflected by the decrease in serum urea and creatinine and improvement of renal histopathological changes. D-lim alleviated GM-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activities of renal catalase, serum and renal glutathione peroxidase, and renal superoxide dismutase and decreasing renal malondialdehyde and serum nitric oxide levels. Intriguingly, D-lim suppressed mitochondrial apoptosis by considerably downregulating Bax and caspase-3 (Casp-3) mRNA and protein expressions and markedly enhancing Bcl2 mRNA and protein expressions. Furthermore, D-lim significantly decreases GM-induced inflammatory response through downregulation of NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA and/or protein expressions and decrease in renal myeloperoxidase activity. Finally, D-lim remarkably downregulated PCNA protein expression in the treated group compared with the GM group. In brief, this study showed that D-lim alleviated AKI following GM administration in rats, partially through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities as well as downregulation of PCNA expression.

scholarly journals Effects of chitooligosaccharide-zinc on mice ovarian function in premature ovarian failure via regulating the sestrin2/nrf2 signaling pathway

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Li ◽  
Yuhang Chen ◽  
Jiayu Xu ◽  
Jiangying Liu ◽  
Jiacheng Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Nrf2 Signaling Pathway ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract BackgroundThe chitosan oligosaccharide-zinc (COS·Zn) is also a powerful antioxidant and anti-aging scavenger, whose anti-oxidative ability immensely exceeds that of vitamin C. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanism by which COS·Zn improves ovarian function and delays aging in POF.MethodsThe female KM adult mice and POF mice were divided into treated and prevention groups; these were prophylactically or therapeutically administered COS·Zn (150mg/kg·d, 300mg/kg·d) for 21 days, respectively. ResultsThe number of antral follicles in COS·Zn-treated groups was lower in the treated and prevention groups than that in the control group, respectively. Obviously, the ovarian index, the level of FSH and LH all increased notably during the 300 mg/kg·d treated group and the prevention group compared with cy/bus groups. The expression of MVH, OCT4 and PCNA in the 300 mg/kg·d treated groups and MVH in the prevention groups were remarkably increased compared with the CY/BUS group. Meanwhile, the protein levels of P53 and P16 were markedly down-regulated in the treated groups and prevention groups compared with CY/BUS, except for the expression of P53 in the prevention groups. Furthermore, the Sestrin2 (SESN2) and SOD2 proteins were significantly higher in the 150 mg/kg·d treated group compared with the CY/BUS group, but the 300 mg/kg·d and CY/BUS group showed no significant difference in the level of SESN2. Similarly, the NRF2 and SESN2 proteins were up-regulated in the prevention groups, and the change in SOD2 was not significant. The results revealed increased GSH levels in the 150 mg/kg·d and 300 mg/kg·d treated groups compared with CY/BUS group, and the same trend was also shown in the prevention groups.1Conclusion COS·Zn improves ovarian and follicular developmental defects caused by regulating the sestrin2-nrf2 signaling pathway, and these results suggest a novel product that is effective a POF prevention and treatment drug.

Protective Effect of Thyroxine on Minocycline Induced Thyroid Gland Damage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahira Assad
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Concomitant Administration ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background: Thyroxine has shown beneficial effects on intelligence, learning, and memory process in patients of congenital hypothyroidism. Minocycline has been used in clinical practice for various indications and reported to have anti-thyroid effects. This study was specifically designed to observe the role of thyroxine on minocycline induced damage to thyroid gland. Methods: This experimental study was undertaken at Anatomy department of BMSI, JPMC, Karachi, for eight weeks, from October to November 2019. Thirty adult (10-12 months) male guinea pigs, weighing from 450-650 gm were obtained and divided into 3 groups. Group A served as control, group B was given Minocycline 0.02mg/gram/day once daily and group C was administered Minocycline in similar amount as group B along with thyroxine 0.5µg/gram/day for the same duration. Dosing was continued for 8 weeks, at the completion of which all the animals were sacrificed. Thyroid gland was processed and tissue sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin for morphology. Results: The absolute weight of thyroid gland was significantly increased (p<0.001) in minocycline treated group B animals compared to the control animals, whereas substantial decrease (p<0.01) in absolute weight of thyroid gland was witnessed in group C in comparison to group B animals. The follicular cells showed hypertrophy and shrinkage of colloid in the thyroid follicles. These changes were prevented when animals were co-administered with thyroxine and minocycline in Group C. Conclusion: Concomitant administration of thyroxine with the antimicrobial drug minocycline showed protective effects of thyroxine on Minocycline induced damage to thyroid gland of animals.

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