scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID CU / CUSO4 REFERENCE ELECTRODES

Author(s):  
Marysca Shintya Dewi ◽  
Sagir Alva ◽  
Wan Adil Wan Jamil

In this research, a solid Cu/CuSO4 reference electrode has been developed. In this development process, the Cu/CuSO4 solid reference electrode provided consists of two types, namely the Cu/CuSO4 I solid reference electrode (ERP Cu/CuSO4 I) and the Cu/CuSO4 II solid reference electrode (ERP Cu/CuSO4 II). ERP Cu/CuSO4 I was prepared using two layers, namely the Cu/CuSO4 layer and the cellulose acetate layer which were placed sequentially on the surface of the planar type Cu electrode. Meanwhile, ERP Cu/CuSO4 II was prepared using three layers, namely a layer of cotton fiber/cellulose acetate, a layer of Cu/CuSO4, and a layer of cotton/cellulose acetate placed in sequence on the surface of the planar type Cu electrode, where the CuSO4 layer is between the two layers of cotton/cellulose acetate. Both types of Cu/CuSO4 solid reference electrodes were characterized by testing DmV in various concentrations of KCl solution and ERP Cu/CuSO4 II has been produced as the best reference electrode for Cu/CuSO4 solids with a DmV value of 3.3 mV. Furthermore, ERP Cu/CuSO4 II was selected for characterization using cyclic voltammetry (CV) testing, response vs Cl sensor testing, and drif testing. In CV testing, ERP Cu/CuSO4 provides a voltammogram graph pattern similar to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode as a commercial reference electrode. Meanwhile, in testing the response vs sensor Cl, ERP Cu/CuSO4 II gave a Nernstian number value  of -50.1 mV/decade with a test range of 0.1-10-3 M. ERP Cu/CuSO4 II showed fairly good stability, namely with a drift value of 0.46 mV/minute which is achieved after the conditioning process after 12 minutes.

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Okonieski ◽  
D. J. Moseley ◽  
K. Y. Cai

Abstract The influence of tread designs on tire performance is well known. The tire industry spends significant effort in the development process to create and refine tread patterns. Creating an aesthetic yet functional design requires characterization of the tread design using many engineering parameters such as stiffness, moments of inertia, principal angles, etc. The tread element stiffness is of particular interest because of its use to objectively determine differences between tread patterns as the designer refines the design to provide optimum levels of performance. The tread designer monitors the change in stiffness as the design evolves. Changes to the geometry involve many attributes including the number of sipes, sipe depth, sipe location, block element edge taper, nonskid depth, area net-to-gross, and so forth. In this paper, two different formulations for calculating tread element or block stiffness are reviewed and are compared to finite element results in a few cases. A few simple examples are shown demonstrating the basic functionality that is possible with a numerical method.


1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 2933-2939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Hartmut Schwarz ◽  
Vlastimil Kůdela ◽  
Klaus Richau

Ultrafiltration cellulose acetate membrane can be transformed by annealing into reverse osmosis membranes (RO type). Annealing brings about changes in structural properties of the membranes, accompanied by changes in their permeability behaviour and electrical properties. Correlations between structure parameters and electrochemical properties are shown for the temperature range 20-90 °C. Relations have been derived which explain the role played by the dc electrical conductivity in the characterization of rejection ability of the membranes in the reverse osmosis, i.e. rRO = (1 + exp (A-B))-1, where exp A and exp B are statistically significant correlation functions of electrical conductivity and salt permeation, or of electrical conductivity and water flux through the membrane, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 117643
Author(s):  
Nour S. Abdel Rahman ◽  
Yaser E. Greish ◽  
Saleh T. Mahmoud ◽  
Naser N. Qamhieh ◽  
Hesham F. El-Maghraby ◽  
...  

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (64) ◽  
pp. 3579-3585
Author(s):  
Guillermo M. González Guerra ◽  
Alejandro Alatorre-Ordaz ◽  
Gerardo González Garcia ◽  
Jesus S. Jaime-Ferrer

ABSTRACTThis work presents the synthesis and characterization of a pearylated polysiloxane material (PAP) from a polycondensation reaction, followed by functionalization with HClSO3 by an electrophilic substitution reaction. According to the characterization techniques applied, a sulfonated pearylated polysiloxane was also obtained, (SPAP). The purpose of this sulfonated material is to obtain an ionomer able to be applied in hydrogen fuel cells of the proton exchange membrane kind (PEMFC). The reaction to produce the polysiloxane precursor was carried out with the commercial reagents: PhSiCl3, Ph2SiCl2 and Ph3SiCl in anhydrous THF at 75 °C and the SPAP material was obtained by sulfonation of the precursor with chlorosulfonic acid. PAP and SPAP were characterized by 1H, NMR for liquids, 29Si NMR for solids, IR-ATR, SEM, and cyclic voltammetry. The NMR 29Si spectra show that PAP and PAPS contain crosslinking regions due to PhSiCl3, growing chain zones due to Ph2SiCl2 and polymer termination zones due to Ph3SiCl, obtaining a mixture of siloxanes. The analysis by cyclic voltammetry indicates that by integrating the area under the curve of the adsorption peaks of H2, a value of 0.062 mC/cm2 is obtained, a value close to the commercial ionomer of Nafion®.


2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1415-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Hui Xu ◽  
Zhao Fang Du

In order to develop cotton fabric underwear with the health care function, the cotton fiber was modified with the collagen (CMCF) using periodate oxidation method. The aldehyde groups on the glucose chains of the oxidized cotton cellulose were reacted with the amino groups of collagen to obtain the CMCF, and the oxidized cellulose was crosslinked with collagen in aqueous acetic acid media. The effects of collagen concentration, treatment time, reaction temperature, pH value of solution and periodate concentration on the amount of collagen crosslinked on cotton fiber were respectively discussed, and the optimal reaction technology was obtained. XPS characterization of the modified cotton fiber showed a characteristic peak about 400.0–405.0 eV corresponding to collagen, which indicated that the collagen was combined on the surface of cotton fiber. The mechanical properties of the collagen modified cotton fiber were improved. The resulting CMCF is a new natural ecological fiber and has the extensive application as a carrier for the controlled release of drugs.


2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-zi Hou ◽  
Xiao-ping Sun ◽  
Wan-xi Zhang ◽  
Li-li Li ◽  
Hong Teng

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