scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 on the consumers’ behaviour: The case of Republic of Kosovo economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-33
Author(s):  
Besime Ziberi ◽  
Donat Rexha ◽  
Rrezarta Gashi
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
The Impact

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on personal consumption expenditures (PCE) in the case of Kosovo. Labor factor has been considered as the holder of the economic activity, however, manpower, namely its broader term population is at the same time the user of the product and the services, i.e., the result of the economic activity (Škuflić & Šokčević, 2010) Taking into consideration that COVID-19 is harming the labor market and in economic activity in general, we also consider that this situation is affecting the personal consumption expenditures in case of Kosovo, domestic demand, supported by low-interest rates and strong employment growth, will remain the main driver of growth (OECD, 2018). To analyze the importance of personal consumption expenditure in the case of Kosovo during the COVID-19 pandemic we used secondary data from World Bank documents and primary data collected via an online questionnaire that was randomly distributed using social media with a sample of 233 respondents. The data analysis concludes descriptive statistics, frequency tables and charts, Pearson correlation, Cronbach’s alpha, and Chi-square test. To conduct the results, the SPSS program is used. The study concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted personal consumption expenditures and shifted the consumption from luxury to essential products. The study also concludes that citizens will realize the pre-planned expenditures as soon as the anti-COVID-19 measures will be released.

scholarly journals The Impact of Dynamic Capabilities on Sustainable Competitive Advantage in the Pharmaceutical Sector in Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Albert Naiem Naguib ◽  
Eahab Elsaid ◽  
Abdel Moneim Elsaid
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sustainable Competitive Advantage ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sector ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the relationship between dynamic capabilities (experience, routine, skills, firm characteristics, knowledge and technology) and competitive advantage sustainability in the Egyptian pharmaceutical sector. The data was collected using primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was collected from questionnaires distributed to 160 top managers in 20 pharmaceutical firms. The secondary data about pharmaceutical firms like rankings, revenues and market share was collected from external sources such as Intercontinental Marketing Service (IMS). The questionnaires examine six independent variables based on a five-scale Likert scale. The methodology used in the study is non-probability sampling (judgmental sampling), Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient and Chi-square tests. The results support the notion that there is a significant relationship between four of the six dynamic capabilities (experience, skills, firm characteristics and knowledge) and the competitive advantage sustainability for pharmaceutical firms in Egypt. Designing the questionnaire and formulating the questions to target the required field was challenging, given that the topic is dynamic and the business scene in Egypt has witnessed drastic political changes since January 2011. The study should assist pharmaceutical companies in Egypt in directing their investments properly and in determining the weaknesses in their dynamic capabilities that need to be addressed.

scholarly journals Effect of Online Travel Bookings and Social Media on Tourism Destination Marketing in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Abiola-Oke ◽  
Christopher O Aina
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Online Travel ◽  
The Impact

The impact of information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is also felt in the field of tourism as it plays an essential role in the development and marketing of tourism. The study focused on the growth of Online Travel Booking in the tourism industry in terms of the internet, mobile and social media in a country like Nigeria where there are tons of tourist destinations across the country. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. A questionnaire was designed to collect primary data. The survey was distributed to a sample of 222 students of Redeemer's University through the random selection of both genders. The Chi-square method was employed in analysing the data. Out of 222 questionnaires administered, only 200 were retrieved. Flights and Hotel reservations can be made online through e-mail, telephone calls and other internet services thereby helping to reduce if not remove the time-wasting processes of the old system entirely. It is, therefore, evident that its adoption is necessary for proper inclusion in these benefits and sustainable development of tourism.

scholarly journals Interest Rates Capping and Performance of Selected Small and Medium Restaurants in Nairobi West, Nairobi City County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Jane Nganga ◽  
Gerald Atheru
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Medium Businesses ◽  
The Impact

The use of interest rate capping as a way of controlling various economic sectors has highly contributed to a continuous decline in the growth of credit to the small and medium businesses and private entities by introducing a distortion in the market which the credit markets have not been able to recover from. This has resulted to the issues of reduced income, high borrowing risks and a high emerging rate of shylocks who are also perceived to have high interest rates. Based on the provided evidence the caps on loan have highly discouraged most of the SMEs from seeking for growth funds. Empirical studies done have found mixed results on the impacts of interest capping on the SMEs performance thus a research gap. The research aimed at filling the current gap by focusing on a research on establishing the impacts of interest rates capping on the performance of small and medium restaurants in Kenya, within Nairobi County. The research was guided by objectives which include; determining the effect of the interest rate capping on the enterprises’ performance, determining the impact of credit accessibility of the enterprise’s performance, assessing the effect of credit availability on the enterprise’s performance. The research was anchored on liquidity and classical models as well as on the theory of credit market. The research will adopt a descriptive research design. The study population was 312 employees. A census was adopted. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires while secondary data was obtained from the financial statements of the enterprises. The research further employed questionnaires that were administered to each participant. The study used both the quantitative and qualitative methods of collecting data. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics like frequency, mean, percentages and standard deviations and be presented using charts, tables and graphs. The study also conducted a multiple regression analysis to establish the relationship between the study variables .The understandings will ensure that they are not charged excessive interest rates for their loans. The study concluded that interest rate capping generally had a positive relationship with the performance of small and medium sized restaurants in Nairobi West. The study concluded that credit accessibility among the small and medium restaurants was based on firm characteristics and capacity and enhanced adjustment to adverse environmental shocks, raised amount of product investment and eliminates financial constraints to a great extent. It was concluded that the education level and experience of the respondents, awareness level, firm size and availability of collateral. The study concluded further that the risks associated with repaying, operating environment, status and ownership structure influenced performance of the SMEs since it determined their potential to get credit from the banks and other lenders. The study recommended that the banks and other lenders in the financial sector should enhance timely access to credit at affordable and flexible rates to enhance firm performance. It was further recommended that the SMEs need to improve awareness on existence of credit, willingness of MFIs and banks to offer credit to enhance SME thriving.  The study recommended that the number of lenders available in the market, willing to extent credit and creating awareness of products need to increase to spread choice, reduce rate and improve access and availability of credit to SMEs.

scholarly journals Two Approaches to Examine the Impact of Different Credit Default Indicators on Real Estate Loans

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-215
Author(s):  
Reimar Pfalz
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Default Rates ◽  
Credit Default ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Financing of real estates was a trigger of the largest financial crisis after the “Great Depression” from the early thirties in the last century. One of the main causes of this 2007 crisis was poor risk management in real estate financing. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of different classes of indicators on credit default rates of real estate loans. Two research approaches should confirm a model that proves how strong the relationship is between different predictor variables such as interest rates, macroeconomic and individual indicators on the response variable of credit defaults. The first approach focuses on conducting descriptive and inferential experimental research by collecting secondary data in different markets and by analysing these data for correlations and linear regressions. The second approach is an expert survey of different banks to compare and complement the results of the first research approach. The research provides the evidence that individual indicators and macroeconomic indicators have a higher impact on credit defaults than interest rates. The scientific research on this theme has led to nearly the same results in different markets: the unemployment rate and thus personal conditions are the most responsible predictors for the credit defaults, also in different markets. The novelty of the present research is the proof that a banking survey with primary data on the causes of credit defaults confirms and complements the results of the secondary data analysis.

scholarly journals Influence of gender stereotypes on the effectiveness of women senior managers in NGOs in Nakuru County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Esther Kalekye ◽  
Peter Koome ◽  
David Gichuhi
Keyword(s):  
Human Resource ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Chi Square

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of gender stereotypes on the effectiveness of women senior managers in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Nakuru County, Kenya. A descriptive survey design was used and the target population was the human resource managers and women senior managers in 65 duly registered and active NGOs in Nakuru County. From these organizations, simple random sampling was used to select a human resource manager and a woman senior manager which resulted in 130 respondents. Primary data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire which had close-ended and open-ended questions while secondary data was collected through the use of document analysis. Quantitative data was sorted, cleaned and analyzed through the SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were analyzed through the use of frequencies and percentages while inferential statistics were analyzed through the use of Pearson Correlation and Pearson Chi-Square tests. The findings of the analysis were presented in form of tables and charts. On the other hand, qualitative data were analyzed thematically and the results were presented in the form of narratives. The study adhered to and ensured that research ethics were upheld. The study found out that gender stereotypes had a statistically significant negative relationship with the effectiveness of women senior managers (r= -0.342; p<0.05). The Chi-square test results indicated that gender stereotypes had a statistically significant association with the effectiveness of women senior managers. The recommendation made was that a similar study can be conducted to provide both the perspectives of men and women senior managers.

scholarly journals Study of the Social and Cultural Aspects of Saudi Tourists and Evaluate the Services Provided to Tourist of Saudi - An Applied Study for the Tourism Sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Amal Mohammed Sheikh Damanhouri
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Government

The current study is based on the tourism sector in Saudi Arabia. Kingdom’s tourism industry earnings from international travelers and tourism services are poised to hit SAR80 billion in 2015. The tourism industry in Saudi Arabia has witnessed an increasing level of growth in recent years and is seen to continue this trend moving forward. The industry has undergone a major transformation led by the commitment to upgrade the Kingdom’s infrastructure as well as improving its hospitality sector. Religious tourism is the main attraction for inbound tourists and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future, the government has taken steps to increase domestic tourism and persuade potential outbound tourists from vacationing abroad. However, large investment in the sector is required to bring these ambitious plans to fruition. The tourism sector comprises only 2% of government funding compared to the industrial sector. In this report random sampling was used as it is the best known form of probability sample. Pilot study was conducted by taking convenience sampling. To find the quantitative analysis SPSS 18.0 software is used. In this report factor analysis is used for the reliability test of the questionnaire. Chi-Square test is used for comparing the collected data with the desired data from the certain hypothesis on the other hand Pearson Correlation is used to measure means of a statistical test. The study evaluates the services provided to the tourist visiting the kingdom and at the same time it measures the satisfaction level of the tourists. The report is based on primary and secondary data for the primary data the questionnaire was used and being distributed to the tourists visiting the kingdom. Five hypothesis was proposed and are being analyzed using Chi – Square test and correlation test. The current study states that there are several variables, where excellent satisfaction is being rated by the tourists where as there are several factors where the authority needs to pay importance, which is mentioned in detail in this report. The outcome of this report also suggests some major policy recommendation by which convenience, excellence and comfort could be given to the tourists visiting the kingdom.

scholarly journals Does Microfinance Matter for Women Borrowers? Recent Findings from Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Basharat Hossain ◽  
Syed Naimul Wadood
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Random Survey ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Women Borrowers

This paper examines the impact of microfinance on some selected women borrower respondents of Bangladesh, who have been selected through a systematic random survey process. This is a quantitative research based on primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire on sixty women borrowers of the Dhaka City, Bangladesh. This paper finds that microfinance has a highly significant positive impact on the income of these women borrower respondents. Moreover, though microfinance encourages for savings and buying new asset but it has no significant impact on their asset building and savings.Overall, there has been a mixed outcome from this cross-sections data: microfinance has been found as a matter for women borrowers’ income increasing aspects, whereas not much effective in increasing savings or building up of assets. Finally the paper recommends some steps to increase effectiveness of microfinance on the women borrowers, including expanding training facilities and lower interest rates particularly for women borrowers.

scholarly journals Awareness of Green Marketing in Retailing and its Impact in Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S3) ◽  
pp. 440-444
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Green Marketing ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Green marketing refers to the process of selling goods or services based on environmental benefits. Green selling is very much significant for a number of reasons from eliminating extravagance and to educate all the consumers about maintaining the product or services eco-friendly. Objective of the studyis to identify the awareness of green marketing among retailers and to analyses the impact of green marketing on environment. This study is a quantitative type of research and it involves a descriptive research design. Quantitative research is obtained based on the structured questionnaire framed. Researcher has taken Primary Data through Questionnaire and Secondary Data through Journals, Magazines and Internet. Researcher Used Bar Diagram, Pie Diagram and Chi-Square Analysis for Interpretation.

scholarly journals Transforming traditional business into online: The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on consumer behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2, special issue) ◽  
pp. 300-308
Author(s):  
Shaip Bytyçi ◽  
Venet Shala ◽  
Besime Ziberi ◽  
Ervin Myftaraj
Keyword(s):  
Online Shopping ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Selling Strategies ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 pandemic well-known worldwide for its serious health consequences is having a profound effect on every sphere of life. Taking into consideration that COVID-19 is harming the labor market and economic activity in general, we also consider that this situation is affecting the personal consumption expenditures in case of Kosovo (Ziberi, Rexha, & Gashi, 2021). The main aim of this paper is to analyze how the customers’ behavior will shift the traditional business to an online one in case of Western Balkan countries with special emphasis on Kosovo, North Macedonia and Albania. The study considered the mixed methods using the questionnaire as a method for primary data collection in a random sample of citizens from countries in the analysis. The questionnaire was distributed online using social media in a sample of 1250 respondents. The paper uses the SPSS software for data analysis and hypotheses testing. The study comes to the conclusion that buying behavior is changing due to the imposed measures by governance due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the confidence in online shopping has increased significantly which is a good base for further recommendations for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to start reworking selling strategies and to shift their activity from purely traditional to hybrid one — traditional and online — promoting so better the traditional business. Our findings also are in line with a study by Bytyçi (2020) who stated that the consumers in case of the Republic of Kosovo prefer online shopping for one main reason — time loss reduction.

PERSEPSI PETERNAK PADA KEPEMIMPINAN PENDAMPING DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PRODUKTIVITAS USAHA TERNAK DI PAGUYUBAN AL-AWWALIYAH, PASIRWANGI, GARUT, JAWA BARAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
Dwi Indah Sulistiani ◽  
Ujang Maman ◽  
Junaidi J
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Leadership Qualities ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Education Experience ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Objective of this research; 1) determine the perception of ranchers against the properties and behavior of the leadership of the companion in the Society of Al-Awwaliyah 2) analyze the relationship between productivity breeder with productivity of livestock in the Society of Al-Awwaliyah 3) identify the relationship perceptions of ranchers against the leadership companion with productivity of livestock in the Society of Al-Awwaliyah , The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from questionnaires which stem from ranchers while secondary data sourced from literature in the form of books and articles. Data processing was performed using Chi-square analysis using SPSS software version 21. One of the factors relating to the productivity of ranchers is the perception of ranchers against the leadership of their companion. Leadership companion views of the nature and behavior of which is owned by a companion. Productivity ranchers indirectly related to the productivity of the cattle business. Characteristics breeder visits of age, years of education, experience ranchers, and businesses in addition to ranchers. The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between business other than ranchers with ranchers productivity. The relationship between the perception of the nature of the companion breeder with productivity ranchers produce Pearson Chi-Square value is 9.751 and Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) of 0.002. This is due to interest ranchers against leadership qualities possessed by a companion who produce prolific ranchers. Ranchers consider that a companion of his leadership qualities are ideal as a companion.

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