The Population Ecology of Corporations in the Russian Empire, 1700–1914

Slavic Review ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Population Ecology ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Corporate Development ◽  
The Far East ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In investigations of the evolution of the corporation in Europe, North America, and the Far East, historians have illuminated variations in the structure of large enterprises in different times and places and investigated responses to legal environments. In tsarist Russia as well, the development of corporations on the national, regional, and sectoral levels was influenced by legal and economic institutions. Data on Russian corporations, however, have been inadequate for the complex statistical tests applied to the European and North American economies. This article offers a preliminary overview of trends in Russian corporate development from 1700 to 1914 in light of a new database and the recently articulated theory of organizational ecology. Although the theory provides stimulating approaches to the history of Russian corporations, it also appears unduly specific in some respects to the history of western Europe and the United States.

scholarly journals New Approach to the Imperial History of Russia in the 18th Century. Review of: Vulpius, R. (2020). Die Geburt des Russlдndischen Imperiums. Herrschaftskonzepte und -praktiken im 18. Jahrhundert. Beitrдge zur Geschichte Osteuropas. Kцln: Böhlau Verlag GmbH. 610 S.

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-325
Author(s):  
Elena V. Borodina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Far East ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The review analyses Die Geburt des Russländischen Imperiums. Herrschaftskonzepte und -praktiken im 18. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas (The Birth of the Russian Empire: Concepts and Practices of Domination in the 18th Century) by Ricarda Vulpius. The author of the monograph focuses on the question of when Russia became an empire. Vulpius pays special attention to the discussion around this problem in relation to the eighteenth century and offers her own solution to the problem using the Begriffsgeschichte methodology. The historian connects such concepts as imperial discourse and colonialism. In her opinion, a major role in the formation of the imperial idea in Russia was played by the development of the territories of Siberia and the Far East, the Caucasus and the lands inhabited by Bashkirs, Kalmyks, and Kazakhs. Despite the thoroughness of the work carried out, the book is not without drawbacks. They are due to the narrowness of the source base of the study and the impossibility of using the Begriffsgeschichte approach in analysing the structures created for the management of the indigenous population of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Barga as a part of the Russian strategic interests in Eastern Asia in the first quarter of the XX century: treaty aspect

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Pavel Nikolaevich Dudin
Keyword(s):  
Eastern China ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire

Based on the previously unexamined treaties and agreements, this article analyzes the civilian mechanism of ensuring Russia’s interest in Manchuria on the background of establishment and development of statehood of Hulunbuir District, also known as Barga. Having lost the Russo-Japanese War and a number of backbone territories, the Russian Empire took all necessary steps towards retention and strengthening of its influence in the region, was able to form the zones of primary interests, and this control the process of acquisition of relative autonomy by Barga. It is concluded that within the framework of considered agreements, Russia’ national interests in the Far East were reliably protected. It was achieved by the concessions, which by their legal nature significantly differed from the concessions and settlements created by the foreign powers in Eastern China, although were capable of ensuring Russia’s presence and safeguarding the strategic interests. Despite the fact that the created system demonstrated its effectiveness, it did not survive the political crises caused by the revolutionary events and demise of the Russian Empire. China’s leadership took advantage of the situation that unfolded in Russia, and liquidated the autonomy of Outer Mongolia, and later the status of Hulunbuir, stipulated in the agreements.

THE SARATOV VOLGA REGION AND THE FAR EAST: THREE CENTURIES OF RELATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. PETROVICH ◽  
S. I. SAMSONOV
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Far Eastern

The article deals with the dynamics of the development of the Far  East with the help of labor migration in the period from the 1860s to  the present day. The authors analyze the intensity of migration  flows, the reasons for their decline or increase, talk about new settlements founded by immigrants from the Saratov Volga  region in the Amur and Primorye regions of the Russian Empire, and  trace the fate of these settlements to this day. The authors identify  the reasons for the lack of support for the resettlement movement in the Russian Empire by the state until the beginning of the  twentieth century, and the reasons that prompted  the government  to develop an effective resettlement program since 1906. Attention  is paid to the participation of Saratov in the Russian-Japanese war in  the Far East. The extensive statistical material contained in the  official publications following the results of the all-Russian population censuses of 1897, 2002 and 2010 is used. Internet sources,  websites of public organizations, official state bodies, mass media  are attracted. The migration policy of P.A. Stolypin, Prime Minister of  Imperial Russia and former Saratov Governor- General is analyzed.  In comparison with it, the project "far Eastern hectare" is  considered, which the modern Russian government considers as the  main tool for the inflow of population to the vast far Eastern territories. The authors prove the ineffectiveness of the  project due to the small amount of allocated land, their unsuitability  for agriculture or other socially significant activities, remoteness  from communications, the lack of benefits for immigrants on such a scale as it was a century ago. The conclusion to which the  researchers come: only taking into account the experience of  generations of Russians in the development of the Far East, the  traditional connection of the regions of Russia, proved by the  example of the Saratov  Volga region, providing immigrants with all  the necessary and benefits no worse than a century ago, it is  possible to ensure the priority development of the Far East.

scholarly journals “Our Position and Purposes on the Pacific Coast”: The Far East Development in the Perception of the Military Thinker P. F. Unterberger (1898)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1215-1227
Author(s):  
Konstantin A. Medvedev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article is devoted to the Russian military and statesman P. F. Unterberger and his views on the position of the Russian Empire in the Far East in the late 19th century. The source of the article is the P. F. Unterberger’s note, which demonstrates primary objectives of Russia in the region. It is a part of P. F. Unterberger’s fond in the Russian State Military History Archive (RGVIA). The note was written in the late 19th century and is noteworthy not only as a source, revealing aspects of external and internal policy of Russia, but as an attempt of a Russian general to make a project of the Far East’s development. Therefore, on the basis of his note, the article strives to assess intellectual tendencies and processes of the era. Of primary importance for P. F. Unterberger was military presence of Russia in the Far East. He pointed out that strategic importance of the region had significantly increased in the late 19th century. He saw one of the main aims of the Russian Empire in acquiring an ice-free port in the Far East. The need to connect the Far Eastern periphery with Central Russia prompted him to address the problem of transport development. Thus, P. F. Unterberger underscored the necessity of the Trans-Siberian Railway construction. He focused on relations between Russia and other states. P. F. Unterberger urged Russia to establish cordial relations with China, the biggest state of the Far East. On England, which also had its interests on the Pacific coast, he held a different view. Japan he considered Russia’s most dangerous enemy in the region. There are some results in the article’s conclusion. The note of P. F. Unterberger shows some intellectual tendencies of the turn of the 20th centuries. One of them was the idea of “yellow peril.” However, of most significance is the source itself. Such complex theories subsequently have become a part of the scholarship known as “geopolitics.”

scholarly journals Rumors about Expulsion to Birobidzhan, Anastas Mikoyan, and the American Jewish Establishment

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Gennady Estraikh
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Soviet Jews ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Deputy Chairman ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forced Resettlement ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
Council Of Ministers

The events analyzed in this article took place in 1958 and 1959, when the situation around Birobidzhan became a cause of widespread anxiety among Jewish activists in the West. A rumor circulated that “the Soviet Jews appeared in peril of their lives”, because the Soviet government was purportedly considering their mass forced resettlement to the Jewish Autonomous Region, in the Far East of Russia. In January 1959, representatives of the American Jewish Committee had a meeting with Anastas Mikoyan, the First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He had come to the United States to hold preliminary talks before Nikita Khrushchev’s historical visit in September 1959, and issues concerning the Jews were not on the agenda for his visit. However, after facing a barrage of questions about the alleged plan, he and his advisers decided that it would be unwise to avoid contact with representatives of the American Jewish establishment. The article draws attention to this meeting and the trace it left on the history of Soviet Jews.

scholarly journals Musical Culture of Russian Far East from the mid­19th Century through 1922: In Search of Regional Identity

2015 ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Valentina A. Koroleva
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

Analyses the history of musical culture in the Far East of Russia and considers historical, geopolitical, and social factors in the development of the Russian state that significantly influenced the substance and dynamics of the musical culture at the regional level. The period under discussion starts from the incorporation of the Amur and Ussuriysk regions in the Russian Empire and finishes with the termination of the Russian Civil War.

scholarly journals Рецензия на книгу Sablin I. The Rise and Fall of Russia’s Far Eastern Republic, 1905–1922.Nationalisms, Imperialisms, and Regionalisms in and after the Russian Empire

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-162
Author(s):  
И. К. Богомолов
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Far Eastern

В рецензии рассматривается монография И. Саблина о возникновении и падении Дальневосточной республики (ДВР). Автор отмечает, что сама идея создания "буферного государства" была уникальной для революционной России, уникальной для большевиков, уникальной для региона. На основании широкого круга источников И. Саблин показывает, как идеологии, с которыми большевики изначально боролись – "левый либерализм", национализм и империализм – позволили им в итоге одержать верх на Дальнем Востоке и окончательно победить в Гражданской войне. The review considers the monograph by Ivan Sablin on the emergence and fall of the Far Eastern Republic (FER). The author notes that the very idea of creating a "buffer state" was unique for revolutionary Russia, unique for the Bolsheviks, unique for the region. Based on a wide range of sources Ivan Sablin shows how the ideologies with which the Bolsheviks initially fought – "left liberalism", nationalism and imperialism – allowed them to ultimately gain the upper hand in the Far East and finally win the Civil War.

Dialect Joke Books and Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish Dictionaries

2019 ◽  
pp. 277-297
Author(s):  
Gabriella Safran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Publishing History ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Book Prices ◽  
Printing Techniques

Safran examines the nineteenth-century publishing history of Jewish dialect joke books and Yiddish dictionaries and the generic links between dictionaries and joke books in Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish cases. In the 1870s in the Russian Empire and in the 1890s in the United States, Jewish speech style (Jewish Russian and Jewish English) was enregistered; that is, the concepts of ‘Jews’ and ‘Jewish speech’ took on new meanings. This was reflected in both dictionaries and joke books that, at least in some cases, were intended to teach their readers to be humorous as well as knowledgeable. These texts demonstrate the tension between dialect humour that is derogatory and that which embraces its subject; beyond this dichotomy, Safran argues that the confluence of Yiddish lexicography and Jewish dialect humour in the Russian Empire and the United States also reflected the marketing of distinctive spoken language by publishers for general readers. As Safran shows, the commodification of dialect humour and low-status spoken languages was facilitated by a nineteenth-century publishing boom fostered by cheap machine-made paper, fast printing techniques, the rise of literacy, the decline of book prices, the increase in railroad journeying, and the concomitant demand for portable entertainment.

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