scholarly journals Engineering Ethics of Neuralink Brain Computer Interfaces Devices

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Jassim Jawad
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Engineering Ethics ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Nowadays, smart home devices have started to take a part in everything in our life, which mainly have been developed to consist from brain computer interface (BCI). In recent months, Neuralink BCI (1024-Electode) has been approved to be used by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA. That makes the ethical related studies have more attention to apply these devices and technologies in our daily life with more security. In this work, the ethical challenges of smart home systems that use BCI for personal monitoring, such as Neuralink Interfaces, have been reviewed, analysed and discussed regarding the fundamental principles in ‘Statement of Ethical Principles for the Engineering Profession’ of the UK. Firstly, a brief introduction of Neuralink BCI technology and important applications in daily life were discussed with related ethics issues. Then, proposed solutions and recommendations for every situation have been introduced and discussed as well. The main proposed ways to address that are establishing and introducing the related laws and rules, technology development of security and safety, and educate for acceptance culture in the society.

Do Publics Share Experts’ Concerns about Brain–Computer Interfaces? A Trinational Survey on the Ethics of Neural Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1242-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Sample ◽  
Sebastian Sattler ◽  
Stefanie Blain-Moraes ◽  
David Rodríguez-Arias ◽  
Eric Racine
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Academic Ethics ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
The 1960S

Since the 1960s, scientists, engineers, and healthcare professionals have developed brain–computer interface (BCI) technologies, connecting the user’s brain activity to communication or motor devices. This new technology has also captured the imagination of publics, industry, and ethicists. Academic ethics has highlighted the ethical challenges of BCIs, although these conclusions often rely on speculative or conceptual methods rather than empirical evidence or public engagement. From a social science or empirical ethics perspective, this tendency could be considered problematic and even technocratic because of its disconnect from publics. In response, our trinational survey (Germany, Canada, and Spain) reports public attitudes toward BCIs ( N = 1,403) on ethical issues that were carefully derived from academic ethics literature. The results show moderately high levels of concern toward agent-related issues (e.g., changing the user’s self) and consequence-related issues (e.g., new forms of hacking). Both facets of concern were higher among respondents who reported as female or as religious, while education, age, own and peer disability, and country of residence were associated with either agent-related or consequence-related concerns. These findings provide a first look at BCI attitudes across three national contexts, suggesting that the language and content of academic BCI ethics may resonate with some publics and their values.

scholarly journals Science and Innovation in 2019–2020: Resourcing, First Post-Crisis Assessments

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
I. Kirichenko ◽  
A. Kravtsov ◽  
Z. Mamedyarov ◽  
N. Sheliubskaya
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Initial Public Offerings ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Public Offerings ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on research and development (R&D) was a major factor for the global innovation activity in 2020. Prior to the pandemic, global R&D spending by both governments and private capital had been steadily increasing for a decade, resulting in a doubling of spending. In the US, growth was slower than in other countries, especially compared to China, causing the US share of global R&D to decline. At the end of 2020, it was clear that China's economy ended the year with fewer losses compared to the developed world, and local companies continued to increase R&D spending, which will contribute to Chinese innovation competition in the coming years. This 2020 report consists of several thematic blocks which will be retained in subsequent annual editions. First, there is a review and analysis of the most relevant information on countries' expenditures on research and development (R&D), in particular, the estimates of expenditures according to R&D World, the volume of federal funding for R&D in the USA for 2021, and the results of the annual European Innovation Scoreboard rating of innovative companies. Secondly, the results of international patenting data by country and industry are presented, using the latest available data for 2019. Third, given the importance of private companies' capital for innovation activity, a separate block includes the results of initial public offerings (IPOs) in 2020 on major stock exchanges (USA) and other platforms, as well as data on mergers and acquisitions, which remain the most important alternative to public offerings for raising capital by technology companies. Finally, the last block deals with changes in the innovation development strategies of the leading countries. The focus here is made on the implications of Brexit for the science and technology development of the UK and the EU, taking into account the parties' agreement on a trade deal for the period after the country's exit from the Union since January 1, 2021.

An early mainstream economist from Hungary: István Varga (1897–1962)

2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Majoros
Keyword(s):  
Austrian Economic ◽  
National Income ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Turbulent Times ◽  
The Usa ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
Lasting Influence

The study introduces a Hungarian economic thinker, István Varga*, whose valuable activity has remained unexplored up to now. He became an economic thinker during the 1920s, in a country that had not long before become independent of Austria. The role played by Austria in the modern economic thinking of that time was a form of competition with the thought adhered to by the UK and the USA. Hungarian economists mainly interpreted and commented on German and Austrian theories, reasons for this being that, for example, the majority of Hungarian economists had studied at German and Austrian universities, while at Hungarian universities principally German and Austrian economic theories were taught. István Varga was familiar not only with contemporary German economics but with the new ideas of Anglo-Saxon economics as well — and he introduced these ideas into Hungarian economic thinking. He lived and worked in turbulent times, and historians have only been able to appreciate his activity in a limited manner. The work of this excellent economist has all but been forgotten, although he was of international stature. After a brief summary of Varga’s profile the study will demonstrate the lasting influence he has had in four areas — namely, business cycle research and national income estimations, the 1946 Hungarian stabilisation program, corporate profit, and consumption economics — and will go on to summarise his most important achievements.

Neurosurgical activity during COVID-19 pandemic: an experts' opinion from China, South Korea, Italy, the USA, Colombia, and the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco M. Fontanella ◽  
Giorgio Saraceno ◽  
Ting Lei ◽  
Joshua B. Bederson ◽  
Namkyu You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Benchmarking Risk Analysis Practice in the International Water Sector

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.H. MacGillivray ◽  
P.D. Hamilton ◽  
S.E. Hrudey ◽  
L. Reekie ◽  
S.J.T Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The Usa ◽  
International Water ◽  
Practical Guidance ◽  
The Uk

Risk analysis in the water utility sector is fast becoming explicit. Here, we describe application of a capability model to benchmark the risk analysis maturity of a sub-sample of eight water utilities from the USA, the UK and Australia. Our analysis codifies risk analysis practice and offers practical guidance as to how utilities may more effectively employ their portfolio of risk analysis techniques for optimal, credible, and defensible decision making.

Emergent and Adaptive Spiritualities in the Twentieth Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Lord
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Church Life ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

This chapter points to the ‘pluralization of the lifeworld’ involved in globalization as a key context for changing dissenting spiritualities through the twentieth century. These have included a remarkable upsurge in Spirit-movements that fall under categories such as Pentecostal, charismatic, neo-charismatic, ‘renewalist’, and indigenous Churches. Spirit language is not only adaptive to globalized settings, but brings with it eschatological assumptions. New spiritualities emerge to disrupt existing assumptions with prophetic and often critical voices that condemn aspects of the existing culture, state, and church life. This chapter outlines this process of disruption of the mainstream in case studies drawn from the USA, the UK, India, Africa, and Indonesia, where charismaticized Christianity has emerged and grown strongly in often quite resistant broader cultures.

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