Banks

Money ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith ◽  
James K. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Objection ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter discusses the history of banks as one of three progenitors of money, the others being mints and treasury secretaries or finance ministers. Banking had a substantial presence in Roman times, then declined during the Middle Ages as trade became more hazardous and lending came into conflict with the religious objection to usury. The Renaissance saw the revival of money due in part to trade. It is fair to say that the decline and revival of banking took place in Italy. The banking houses of Venice and Genoa are acknowledged as the precursors of modern commercial banks. The chapter also considers how banking that developed from the seventeenth century spawned cycles of euphoria and panics. Finally, it examines the case of John Law, who established a bank in France that was authorized to issue notes in the form of loans, with the state as the principal borrower.

scholarly journals L’arte veneta nei disegni di Crowe e Cavalcaselle conservati presso la National Art Library di Londra

MDCCC 1800 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Fraticelli
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Scientific Rigour ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Italian Art ◽  
The Middle Ages

The collaboration between Joseph Archer Crowe and Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle led to the publication of numerous printed works, to achieve which the two scholars developed a method of study and investigation of absolutely innovative works of art. Their private archives, preserved at the National Art Library of London and the Biblioteca Marciana of Venice, represent the most complete and precious collection of reproductions of works of Italian art from the Middle Ages to the seventeenth century. In the funds, several drawings of works of art of the Veneto – reflecting also a personal interest as well as scientific rigour – and the artistic history of the region from the Middle Ages to the seventeenth century can be traced, with an interesting deepening on the figure of Titian.

The State in the Middle Ages. A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Poggi ◽  
H. Mitteis ◽  
H. F. Orton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Medieval Latin Aristotle Commentaries Authors A-F

Traditio ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 313-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Lohr
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Classical Civilization ◽  
The Middle Ages

The history of Latin Aristotelianism reaches roughly from Boethius to Galileo — from the end of classical civilization to the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. Whereas the early Middle Ages knew only a part of Aristotle's logic, the whole Aristotelian corpus became known in the period around 1200. From the middle of the thirteenth century to the end of the Middle Ages, and in some circles even beyond, the influence of these works was decisive both for the system of education and for the development of philosophy and natural science.

scholarly journals Why Was the New Testament Translated into Hebrew?

Open Theology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Shuali
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
New Testament ◽  
The State ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractAfter offering a short overview of the history of Hebrew translations of the New Testament from the Middle Ages to our time, this article focuses on the purposes of the different translations as reflected in what has been written and said about them by the translators themselves and by other people involved in their dissemination. Five such purposes are identified: 1. Jewish polemics against Christianity in the Middle Ages. 2. Christian study of the Hebrew language. 3. The quest for the Hebrew “original” of the New Testament. 4. The mission to the Jews. 5. The needs of the Christian communities in the State of Israel. Concluding remarks are then made regarding the way in which Hebrew translations of the New Testament were perceived throughout the ages and regarding the role they played.

Introduction: The Ottoman Empire and its Frontiers

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. S. PEACOCK
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Stretching across Europe, Asia and Africa for half a millennium bridging the end of the Middle Ages and the early twentieth century, the Ottoman Empire was one of the major forces that forged the modern world. The chapters in this book focus on four key themes: frontier fortifications, the administration of the frontier, frontier society and relations between rulers and ruled, and the economy of the frontier. Through snapshots of aspects of Ottoman frontier policies in such diverse times and places as fifteenth-century Anatolia, seventeenth-century Hungary, nineteenth-century Iraq or twentieth-century Jordan, the book provides a richer picture than hitherto available of how this complex empire coped with the challenge of administering and defending disparate territories in an age of comparatively primitive communications. By way of introduction, this chapter seeks to provide an overview of these four themes in the history of Ottoman frontiers.

scholarly journals About the history of conflicts over urban forestry in Estonian towns

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Heldur Sander ◽  
Toivo Meikar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
General Public ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
The State ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract The article explores conflicts related to forests and parks of Estonian towns from the Middle Ages to the 1940s. A brief overview is first given of the development of urban forestry in Estonia. There are also cases where the loss of urban forests and the related problems that arose could have led to conflicts, but for certain reasons they did not emerge. The main focus of the research is on Tallinn and its nearby island of Naissaare and, to a lesser extent, on the town of Haapsalu. The cases with the probability of conflict are described on the example of Tallinn, Tartu and Pärnu. It is apparent that conflicts or preconditions for their emergence were caused by various reasons, both at the state and town level where local authorities and ownership relations played their role. But the causes of the conflicts can also be traced to the wider clash between military and political causes, economic development and the general public.

scholarly journals THE KURGANS OF BUDZHAK EXPLORED BY F. I. KNAUER: HISTORY OF EXCAVATION, CARTOGRAPHY AND MODERN STATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-422
Author(s):  
І. V. Sapozhnykov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Teachers College ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article is observed the archeological activity of the native of German colony of Sarata in Budzhak and the author of first excavations of the barrows of this region, Professor F. I. Knauer. Fedor (Friedrich) Ivan Knauer (1849—1917) graduated the Sarata Teachers College (1865). He studied linguistics, Sanskrit and German at the Universities of Jena and Tubingen, graduated the University of Derpt (1882) where he defended his doctoral thesis (1884). After that he worked at St. Vladimir University in Kiev as Professor of the Department of Comparative Linguistics and Sanskrit (from 1886 to 1915). He participated the XI Archaeological Congress in Kiev (1899), XIII (1902, Hamburg) and XVI (1912, Athens) international congresses of orientalists. The scholar engaged in archaeology under the influence of members of the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronist, in particular Professor V. B. Antonovich. One of his tasks was to gather the collection for the creation of the archaeological museum at St. Vladimir’s University. The fieldwork of the scholar in 1888—1889, 1891, and 1899 are described in the paper. During these works he examined 11 barrows on the banks of the rivers Sarat and Kogylnik and found 75—77 graves which were compiled to the chrono-stratigraphic column of burials from the Eneolithic to the Middle Ages. In the special annex to the paper the materials of research of the author of 2018 were revealed, during which the state of the majority of thebarrows of F. I. Knauer was discovered and some of which are proposed to be excavated

Archaeological Research in St Petersburg, Russia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
History Of ◽  
New City ◽  
Architectural Research ◽  
The Middle Ages

St Petersburg, founded in 1703 and now the second largest city in Russia, has always been considered as a ‘new city’. However, it was not founded on a barren site. The land in the mouth of the Neva has been inhabited since the Neolithic era. In the middle ages, it was home to Ingrian and Russian settlements. Constant military conflicts over this territory both in the Middle Ages and in post-medieval times have left their traces—the remnants of the demolished Swedish fortresses, Landskrona (fourteenth century) and Nyenschantz (seventeenth century). During the 300-year history of St Petersburg, many fortifications, engineering structures, and architectural sites have been lost, and their history and remnants are becoming a target for thorough architectural research.

scholarly journals HENRY HALLAM REVISITED

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-473
Author(s):  
MICHAEL BENTLEY
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
David Hume ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Law And Science ◽  
The Middle Ages

ABSTRACTAlthough Henry Hallam (1777–1859) is best known for his Constitutional History of England (1827) and as a founder of ‘whig’ history, to situate him primarily as a mere critic of David Hume or as an apprentice to Thomas Babington Macaulay does him a disservice. He wrote four substantial books of which the first, his View of the state of Europe during the middle ages (1818), deserves to be seen as the most important; and his correspondence shows him to have been integrated into the contemporary intelligentsia in ways that imply more than the Whig acolyte customarily portrayed by commentators. This article re-situates Hallam by thinking across both time and space and depicts a significant historian whose filiations reached to Europe and North America. It proposes that Hallam did not originate the whig interpretation of history but rather that he created a sense of the past resting on law and science which would be reasserted in the age of Darwin.

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