Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanoch Gutfreund ◽  
Jürgen Renn
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Spacetime Singularities ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Observational Cosmology ◽  
Formative Years

This introductory chapter provides a brief background into the development of Albert Einstein's special and general theories of relativity. As a characteristic stage in the development of the theory, the chapter focuses on the formative years which have, remarkably, received less attention from historians than subsequent periods. It argues that a “renaissance” of general relativity had begun essentially as the result of a community-building effort turning the theory into a universally applicable framework. This revival was followed by what has been called the “golden age” of relativity, which witnessed new conceptual insights, such as those into the nature of spacetime singularities, and turned the theory into the foundation of modern astrophysics and observational cosmology.

The Pachomian Federation and Lower Egypt: The Ties that Bind

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Goehring
Keyword(s):  
Golden Age ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Upper Egypt ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way ◽  
Formative Years ◽  
Christian History

This chapter deals with the monasteries in Lower Egypt that were part of the Pachomian Federation of Upper Egypt. In the discourse of Coptic Christian history, the Pachomians retain their place as part of the golden age of monastic origins from which their movement transitions seamlessly into a more general post-Chalcedonian, post-Pachomian cenobitism. The history of this development began in the formative years of the movement. The seeds of the later Pachomian presence in Lower Egypt and their growing influence in the ecclesiastical politics of Alexandria were sown early in the movement's history in Upper Egypt. The flow of Alexandrian ascetics and ascetic wannabes up the Nile River into the Thebaid to the new Pachomian cenobia prepared the way for the later Pachomian expansion downriver to Alexandria.

Related to Relativity

2019 ◽  
pp. 265-284
Author(s):  
Steven J. Osterlind
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Richard Burton ◽  
Time Continuum

This chapter provides the context for the early twentieth-century events contributing to quantification. It was the golden age of scientific exploration, with explorers like David Livingstone, Sir Richard Burton, and Sir Ernest Shackleton, and intellectual pursuits, such as Hilbert’s set of unsolved problems in mathematics. However, most of the chapter is devoted to discussing the last major influencer of quantification: Albert Einstein. His life and accomplishments, including his theory of relativity, make up the final milestone on our road to quantification. The chapter describes his time in Bern, especially in 1905, when he published several famous papers, most particularly his law of special relativity, and later, in 1915, when he expanded it to his theory of general relativity. The chapter also provides a layperson’s description of the space–time continuum. Women of major scientific accomplishments are mentioned, including Madame Currie and the mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani.

scholarly journals Quantum Black Holes and (Re)Solution of the Singularity

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Roberto Casadio
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Quantum State ◽  
Spacetime Singularities ◽  
Classical General Relativity ◽  
Spacetime Geometry ◽  
Complete Quantum ◽  
General Conditions

Classical general relativity predicts the occurrence of spacetime singularities under very general conditions. Starting from the idea that the spacetime geometry must be described by suitable states in the complete quantum theory of matter and gravity, we shall argue that this scenario cannot be realised physically since no proper quantum state may contain the infinite momentum modes required to resolve the singularity.

Birth and Prospects of a Discipline

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Vella
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Formative Years

In this third introductory chapter, the author looks back at the formative years of the study of the Phoenician and Punic worlds, taking a cue from a paper written fifty years ago by the person who can arguably be called the most influential scholar in the field during the second half of the twentieth century, Sabatino Moscati. Against the background of Moscati’s work, in particular the limitations of and opportunities provided by his field projects, the author then moves on to propose eight particular ways in which the field can move forward: a geography of knowledge; recognition of difference; life histories of objects’ contextual approach; food, cooking, and social ideas; people, collaboration; and publication.

Structure and Contents of the Meaning of Relativity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanoch Gutfreund ◽  
Jürgen Renn
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Formative Years

This chapter discusses the structure and content of Einstein's text, The Meaning of Relativity. It shows the flow of ideas in the order of their presentation and emphasizes the new ways of their formulation, as influenced by Einstein's interaction with his colleagues and by his own rethinking of some of the basic concepts. As in the case of his Relativity—The Special and the General Theory, where throughout the years Einstein added new appendixes to later editions of the book, he also used The Meaning of Relativity as a platform to publish over the course of time, up until the end of his life, his reflections on the major issues on the agenda of debates and efforts during the formative years of general relativity.

scholarly journals Fractional-order derivatives in cosmological models of accelerated expansion

2021 ◽  
pp. 2130014
Author(s):  
V. K. Shchigolev
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Accelerated Expansion ◽  
Fractional Integrals ◽  
Observational Cosmology ◽  
Observable Universe ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
First Time ◽  
Reference Tool

In this brief review, we present the results of the fractional differential approach in cosmology in the context of the exact models of cosmological accelerated expansion obtained by several authors to date. Most of these studies are devoted to the problem of introducing fractional derivatives or fractional integrals into the classical General Relativity (GR). There are several observational and theoretical motivations to investigate the modified or alternative theories of GR. Among other things, we cover General Relativity modified by a phenomenological approach dealing with fractional calculus. At the same time, a sufficiently large number of exact solutions of the cosmological equations modified by this approach were obtained. Some of these models may be especially relevant in the light of solving the problem of late accelerated expansion of the Universe. These studies are largely motivated by rapid progress in the field of observational cosmology that now allows, for the first time, precision tests of fundamental physics on the scale of the observable Universe. The purpose of this review is to provide a reference tool for researchers and students in cosmology and gravitational physics, as well as a self-contained, comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the subject as a whole.

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