scholarly journals Bovine coenurosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Paula Giaretta ◽  
◽  
Welden Panziera ◽  
Glauco de Galiza ◽  
Claudio Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
The Third ◽  
Transverse Fissure ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
The Right ◽  
Thalamic Region ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Recumbency

An 18-month-old mixed breed steer had incoordination, blindness, and opisthotonos for ten days. The clinical condition progressed to lethargy and lateral recumbency, and the steer was euthanized due to poor prognosis. There is a cyst located mainly on the left side of the brain, moderately distending the third ventricle and protruding through the transverse fissure into the right dorsal thalamic region anterior to the rostral colliculi. The cyst is 3.3 x 3.5 x 3 cm, consists of a thin transparent membrane filled with translucent fluid, and has numerous slightly elongated opaque white structures of approximately 1 mm (protoscolices) adhered to the inner aspect of the capsule (Fig. 1). The cyst causes compression and atrophy of the thalamus and hippocampus, more pronounced on the left side (Fig. 2). There is dilation of the lateral ventricles, moderate on the left side and mild on the right side. The mesencephalic aqueduct is moderately distended.

Distemper Encephalomyelitis Presenting with Lower Motor Neuron Signs in a Young Dog

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Green ◽  
Laurie Cook ◽  
Margaret Martinez ◽  
Eric Green
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Lower Motor Neuron ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
T2 Hyperintensity ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT A 4 mo old spayed female mixed-breed dog was presented for focal lower motor neuron signs of the right forelimb and marked hyperesthesia on axillary palpation. Her signs progressed rapidly over the following days to diffuse lower motor neuron signs in all limbs and a seizure. MRI demonstrated a focal, slightly right-sided, 2.5 cm region of noncontrast-enhancing T2 hyperintensity and T1 isointensity at C4–C5 spinal cord segments. Imaging of the brain was unremarkable. The dog was euthanized as a result of poor prognosis. Polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid and immunohistochemistry of brain tissue were both positive for canine distemper virus. This report documents an atypical presentation of canine distemper encephalomyelitis causing lower motor neuron signs and hyperesthesia.

scholarly journals Cenurosis in a Sheep with Neurological Signs - Diagnosis with Computed Tomography

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Farias Vargas Júnior ◽  
Reci Fernandes Dorneles ◽  
Adriana Lucke Stigger ◽  
Eduardo Garcia Fontoura ◽  
João Pedro Scussel Feranti
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Taenia Multiceps ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Visual Deficit ◽  
Coenurus Cerebralis ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Background: Cenurosis is a parasitic disease caused by Coenurus cerebralis, an intermediate form of Taenia multiceps multiceps, causing a fatal disease in production animals. Its adult form (Taenia) lodges in the small intestine of canids and can infect several intermediate hosts.Sheep are the main species affected by the disease, having nervous symptoms as one of its manifestations.This study aimed to describe the changes observed in computed tomography, as well as the clinical findings of a case of Cenurosis in a sheep on the western border of Rio Grande do Sul.Case: A ram was referred to the Centro Universitário da Região da Campanha (URCAMP) with neurological signs.Clinical, hematological, radiographic, tomographic and necroscopic evaluation of the animal was performed.There were no significant hematological and radiographic changes.During the neurological examination, corneal opacity was found in the right eyeball, associated with a visual deficit in the same eye.Also, when stimulated to move, it was possible to observe ataxia with ambulation to the left side, with right lateral displacement of the head.The tomography showed a hypodense area of approximately 3 cm at the base of the brain, in the region of the thalamus and third ventricle.Macroscopically, a translucent spherical cyst with approximately 4 cm in diameter was observed, containing the protoescolex/scolices of Taenia multiceps in the same region.Discussion: Computed tomography identified the presence of an apparently circular volume of approximately 4 cm in diameter, causing ventricular dilatation.This evidence of ventricular dilation corroborates aspects described in the literature, which found bilateral dilation of the ventricles by compression promoted by a cyst in the 4th ventricle.As the location of the cyst was located at the base of the brain, in the region of the third ventricle, it would be difficult to perform the surgery in the treatment of this case.Signs of ataxia, walking movements, decreased reflexes, nystagmus, unilateral blindness and lateral decubitus are commonly observed.Reports described that the main neurological alterations observed in 20 sheep with cenurosis were postural deficit, locomotion alteration, visual deficit and behavioral alterations, with more than 50% of the animals showing at least one of these signs.The main neurological signs observed in the case described were changes in gait, with walking, blindness, lateral head deviation and ataxia. These signs guide the clinical diagnosis of cenurosis.At necropsy, a spherical translucent cyst with approximately 4 cm in diameter was observed, containing the protoescolex/scolices of Taenia multiceps, which extended dorsally from the third ventricle to the base of the thalamus, laterally displaced to the right side.Rostrocaudal the lesion extended rostrally across the entire length of the thalamus to the beginning of the caudate nucleus and caudally to the base of the caudal colliculus, causing compression of the adjacent parenchyma, enabling the diagnosis of cenurosis.Similar findings are described as Coenurus cerebralis. This lesion pattern macroscopically characterizes the parasite lesions.Thus, it is concluded that the visualization of a hypodense area in CNS regions of sheep with neurological signs allows the diagnosis of cenurosis and precise location of the lesion.The description of this case adds information so that other professionals in the field can be successful in diagnosing the disease.Keywords: parasitologia, Taenia multiceps multiceps, Coenurus cerebralis, ovelhas, torneio verdadeiro.Descritores: parasitology, Taenia multiceps multiceps, Coenurus cerebralis, sheep, true tournament.Título: Cenurose em ovino com sinais neurológicos - diagnóstico com tomografia computadorizada. 

Experimental Third Ventriculostomy Performed Using Endovascular Surgical Techniques and Their Adaptation to Percutaneous Intradural Neuronavigation: Proof of Concept Cadaver Study

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Horowitz ◽  
Kamal Ramzipoor ◽  
Ajit Nair ◽  
Susan Miller ◽  
George Rappard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Cadaver Study ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Third Ventriculostomy ◽  
General Anesthetic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Brain

Abstract OBJECTIVE Endoscopic third ventriculostomy has developed into a therapeutic alternative to shunting for the management of carefully selected patients with primarily noncommunicating hydrocephalus. This procedure, however, requires a general anesthetic and necessitates violation of the brain parenchyma and manipulation near vital neural structures to access the floor of the third ventricle. Using two cadavers and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters, we sought to determine whether it was possible to navigate a catheter, angioplasty balloon, and stent percutaneously through the subarachnoid space from the thecal sac into the third ventricle so as to perform a third ventriculostomy from below. METHODS Using biplane angiography and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters along with angioplasty balloons and stents, we were able to pass a stent coaxially from the thecal sac to and across the floor of the third ventricle so as to achieve a third ventriculostomy from below. RESULTS Coaxial catheter techniques allowed for the percutaneous insertion of a stent across the floor of the third ventricle. Ventriculostomy was confirmed by injecting contrast medium into the lateral ventricle and seeing it pass through the stent and into the chiasmatic cistern. CONCLUSION We describe the performance of third ventriculostomies in two cadavers by use of the new concept of percutaneous intradural neuronavigation. This procedure may obviate the need for general anesthetic and minimize the potential for brain and vascular injury, especially if ultimately combined with magnetic resonance fluoroscopy.

scholarly journals Morphology of the vertebral artery in Asian population

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Alfaouri-Kornieieva ◽  
Azmy M Al-Hadidi
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
The Third ◽  
Asian Patients ◽  
Distal Loop ◽  
The Right ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
The Brain

Background: Recent clinical trials have shown a rising trend of stroke in Asian population. Approximately 20% strokes of total occur at the vertebrobasilar basin that supplies the occipital lobes of the brain, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The anatomical features and variability of the third segment of the vertebral artery (VA) in Asians are analyzed in this study. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 68 consecutive Asian patients underwent MRA examination for head and neck in the Department of Radiology of Hospital of University of Jordan from 1.10.2011 to 30.04.2012. The 116 VA were analyzed on the obtained angiograms. Results: The third segment (V3) of the VA was studied according to its conventional division into vertical, horizontal, and oblique parts. The mean outer diameter of the V3 varied up 3.18 ± 0.73 to 4.28 ± 1.08 mm. The parameter prevailed on the left in 91% cases and was greater in males, than in females. The distal loop of the VA projected downward in 26 cases on the right (78%) and in 28 cases on the left (74%). The tortuosity of loop?formations of V3 was evaluated subject to angles between their ascending and descending bends. Conclusion: In comparison with other ethnic groups, the V3 of the VA in Asians has lesser outer diameter, especially along its oblique part; the zero?distance between the occipital bone and horizontal segment of VA occurs more often (up to 26%); the Lang’s III type of V3 variability is the most common in Asians. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i4.6150 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2014 Vol.5(4); 84-88

General concepts of hypothalamus-pituitary anatomy

2011 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Ignacio Bernabeu ◽  
Monica Marazuela ◽  
Felipe F. Casanueva
Keyword(s):  
Median Eminence ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Perivascular Space ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Central Grey Matter ◽  
Imaginary Line ◽  
The Brain

The hypothalamus is the part of the diencephalon associated with visceral, autonomic, endocrine, affective, and emotional behaviour. It lies in the walls of the third ventricle, separated from the thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus. The rostral boundary of the hypothalamus is roughly defined as a line through the optic chiasm, lamina terminalis, and anterior commissure, and an imaginary line extending from the posterior commissure to the caudal limit of the mamillary body represents the caudal boundary. Externally, the hypothalamus is bounded rostrally by the optic chiasm, laterally by the optic tract, and posteriorly by the mamillary bodies. Dorsolaterally, the hypothalamus extends to the medial edge of the internal capsule (Fig. 2.1.1) (1). The complicated anatomy of this area of the central nervous system (CNS) is the reason why, for a long time, little was known about its anatomical organization and functional significance. Even though the anatomy of the hypothalamus is well established it does not form a well-circumscribed region. On the contrary, it is continuous with the surrounding parts of the CNS: rostrally, with the septal area of the telencephalon and anterior perforating substance; anterolaterally with the substantia innominata; and caudally with the central grey matter and the tegmentum of the mesencephalon. The ventral portion of the hypothalamus and the third ventricular recess form the infundibulum, which represents the most proximal part of the neurohypophysis. A bulging region posterior to the infundibulum is the tuber cinereum, and the zone that forms the floor of the third ventricle is called the median eminence. The median eminence represents the final point of convergence of pathways from the CNS on the peripheral endocrine system and it is supplied by primary capillaries of the hypophyseal portal vessels. The median eminence is the anatomical interface between the brain and the anterior pituitary. Ependymal cells lining the floor of the third ventricle have processes that traverse the width of the median eminence and terminate near the portal perivascular space; these cells, called tanycytes, provide a structural and functional link between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the perivascular space of the pituitary portal vessels. The conspicuous landmarks of the ventral surface of the brain can be used to divide the hypothalamus into three parts: anterior (preoptic and supraoptic regions), middle (tuberal region), and caudal (mamillary region). Each half of the hypothalamus is also divided into a medial and lateral zone. The medial zone contains the so-called cell-rich areas with well-defined nuclei. The scattered cells of the lateral hypothalamic area have long overlapping dendrites, similar to the cells of the reticular formation. Some of these neurons send axons directly to the cerebral cortex and others project down into the brainstem and spinal cord.

scholarly journals Cilia-driven flows in the brain third ventricle

2019 ◽  
Vol 375 (1792) ◽  
pp. 20190154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Eichele ◽  
Eberhard Bodenschatz ◽  
Zuzana Ditte ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Günther ◽  
Shoba Kapoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Ventricular Wall ◽  
Brain Ventricles ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
The Third ◽  
Directional Transport ◽  
The Brain

The brain ventricles are interconnected, elaborate cavities that traverse the brain. They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that is, to a large part, produced by the choroid plexus, a secretory epithelium that reaches into the ventricles. CSF is rich in cytokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles that glide along the walls of ventricles, powered by bundles of motile cilia that coat the ventricular wall. We review the cellular and biochemical properties of the ventral part of the third ventricle that is surrounded by the hypothalamus. In particular, we consider the recently discovered intricate network of cilia-driven flows that characterize this ventricle and discuss the potential physiological significance of this flow for the directional transport of CSF signals to cellular targets located either within the third ventricle or in the adjacent hypothalamic brain parenchyma. Cilia-driven streams of signalling molecules offer an exciting perspective on how fluid-borne signals are dynamically transmitted in the brain. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport’.

scholarly journals III. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrated animals. Part I.—Ichthyopsida. Section I.—Pisces. Subsection III.—Dipnoi. On the brain of the Ceratodus forsteri

1888 ◽  
Vol 43 (258-265) ◽  
pp. 420-423
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
Large Size ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Tela Choroidea ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The brain of Ceratodus has the following general arrangement:—The membrane which represents the pia mater is of great thickness and toughness; there are two regions where a tela choroidea is developed: one where it covers in the fourth ventricle, and the other where it penetrates through the third ventricle and separates the lateral ventricles from each other. The ventricles are all of large size, and the walls of the lateral ventricles are not completed by nervous tissue. The thalamence-phalon and the mesencephalon are narrow, and the medulla oblongata is wide.

Organization of the Vascular Supply to the Brain of the Toad Bufo-Marinus

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
GK Snyder ◽  
B Gannon ◽  
RV Baudinette
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Cane Toad ◽  
The Third ◽  
Toad Bufo ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Caudal Rami ◽  
Vascular Corrosion Casts

The vasculature of the brain of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. The sole arterial supply to the brain is from branches of the internal carotids. The forebrain is supplied by several branches from the rostra1 ramus of the carotids; the caudal ramus gives rise to a single branch which supplies the mesencephalon and cerebellum. The caudal rami fuse to form a single basilar artery which supplies the medulla. The vascular supply to the choroid plexus of the third ventricle is arterial; the vascular supply to the choroid of the fourth ventricle is entirely venous. Microvascular geometry in the toad brain is specific to the region of the brain examined, ranging from simple long capillaries with few anastomotic connections to much shorter, highly convoluted capillaries with many anastomotic connections.

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