NEONATAL LISTERIOSIS: AN ALMOST FORGOTTEN INFECTION OR RENAISSANCE OF THE DISEASE

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
E.G. Gumeniuk ◽  
◽  
M.E. Ukvalberg ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Late Manifestation

Maternal neonatal listeriosis is less common desease, but contributes significantly to neonatal and infant mortality rates. The survey presents data on the the pathogen, epidemiology of the disease, and risk factors. Attention is paid to the pathogenesis of the development of this intrauterine infection. The emphasis is placed on the development of neonatal (congenital) listeriosis, as well as the risk of serious complications for the child. The article describes the symptoms of the disease at early and late manifestation, variants of the clinical course, the results of autopsy of dead newborns. Attention is drawn to the problems of treatment and prevention of neonatal listeriosis. Doctors of related specialties (obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians) should have up-to-date information about this disease.

Aspiration-Induced Pulmonary Injury

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 279-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith E. Nelson ◽  
Marvin Lesser
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Pulmonary Injury ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Gastric Contents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents can cause a spectrum of sequelae that spans from relatively minor to rapidly lethal disease. To emphasize the extent of this spectrum and to encompass both noninfectious complications and infection, we use the term “aspiration-induced pulmonary injury” rather than “aspiration pneumonia.” In this article we review the relevant literature, focusing on more recent insights into the pathogenesis of lung injury, the natural history of aspiration, risk factors, the relationship between aspiration and infection, and recommendations for management. The relevance to human disease of studies using intra-airway acid instillation in animals is questioned. We discuss the difficulties in predicting the clinical course after aspiration. We identify risk factors for aspiration-induced pulmonary injury that are commonly encountered in the intensive care unit, and discuss in detail factors of special interest to the intensivist, including the impact of tracheal intubation; the effects of enteric intubation, particularly the comparison between pre- and postpyloric routes of enteric feeding administration; and the relative risks associated with particular feeding protocols. We conclude with recommendations regarding treatment and prevention strategies.

scholarly journals A Primer on the Clinical Aspects of Sarcoidosis for the Basic and Translational Scientist

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2857
Author(s):  
Marc A. Judson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Immunologic Disease

The immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis remains unclear. This failure in understanding has been clinically impactful, as it has impeded the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this disease. Unraveling the mechanisms of sarcoidosis will require input from basic and translational scientists. In order to reach this goal, scientists must have a firm grasp of the clinical aspects of the disease, including its diagnostic criteria, the immunologic defects, clinical presentations, response to therapy, risk factors, and clinical course. This manuscript will provide an overview of the clinical aspects of sarcoidosis that are particularly relevant for the basic and translational scientist. The variable phenotypic expression of the disease will be described, which may be integral in identifying immunologic disease mechanisms that may be relevant to subgroups of sarcoidosis patients. Data concerning treatment and risk factors may yield important insights concerning germane immunologic pathways involved in the development of disease. It is hoped that this manuscript will stimulate communication between scientists and clinicians that will eventually lead to improved care of sarcoidosis patients.

scholarly journals Multilevel analysis of infant mortality and its risk factors in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Samuel Abera Zewdie ◽  
Vissého Adjiwanou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Women's Education ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Province Level

The study analyzed infant mortality and its risk factors in South Africa. It aimed to examine infant mortality in the country by taking into account the hierarchical nature of the problem and investigate the with-in country variation in modeling. In addition to the usual individual level risk factors of infant mortality, living standard, mother’s education, and income inequality were defined at municipal level, while HIV prevalence was fixed at province level. A multilevel logistic regression model was then fitted with Bayesian MCMC parameter estimation procedure using the 2011 South African census data. Most of the demographic and socioeconomic variables identified at individual level were found significant. More remarkably, the result indicated that communities with better living standard and women's education were associated with lower infant mortality rates, while higher income inequality and HIV prevalence in the communities were associated higher levels of infant mortality. The changes in infants’ odds of death were estimated to be 26%, -21%, 13% and 8% respectively for HIV, women’s education, income inequality and level of the living standard. In addition, unobservable municipal and province level random effects significantly affected the level of infant mortality rates. 

Mortality and Economic Instability: Detailed Analyses for Britain and Comparative Analyses for Selected Industrialized Countries

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Harvey Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Change Model ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Simple Economic

This paper discusses a first-stage analysis of the link of unemployment rates, as well as other economic, social and environmental health risk factors, to mortality rates in postwar Britain. The results presented represent part of an international study of the impact of economic change on mortality patterns in industrialized countries. The mortality patterns examined include total and infant mortality and (by cause) cardiovascular (total), cerebrovascular and heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and suicide, homicide and motor vehicle accidents. Among the most prominent factors that beneficially influence postwar mortality patterns in England/Wales and Scotland are economic growth and stability and health service availability. A principal detrimental factor to health is a high rate of unemployment. Additional factors that have an adverse influence on mortality rates are cigarette consumption and heavy alcohol use and unusually cold winter temperatures (especially in Scotland). The model of mortality that includes both economic changes and behavioral and environmental risk factors was successfully applied to infant mortality rates in the interwar period. In addition, the “simple” economic change model of mortality (using only economic indicators) was applied to other industrialized countries. In Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden, the simple version of the economic change model could be successfully applied only if the analysis was begun before World War II; for analysis beginning in the postwar era, the more sophisticated economic change model, including behavioral and environmental risk factors, was required. In France, West Germany, Italy, and Spain, by contrast, some success was achieved using the simple economic change model.

scholarly journals Lung Injury Induced by Antitumor Drugs: Diagnosis, Features of the Clinical Course, Risk Factors, Differential Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
N. V. Orlovа ◽  
O. D. Ostroumovа ◽  
E. V. Shikh ◽  
S. V. Smerdin ◽  
E. V. Rebrovа ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Antitumor Drugs ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Duration Of Therapy ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

57 publications on pneumotoxicity of antitumor drugs were analyzed. It was found that the development of pneumotoxic effects could be influenced by risk factors such as gender, age, tobacco smoking, comorbidities, and duration of therapy. Symptoms of lung injury induced by antitumor drugs are nonspecific thus it is difficult to diagnose them promptly. For prevention, early diagnosis and timely management of drug-induced lung injury during antineoplastic therapy, it is necessary to raise awareness of such a condition in practitioners of different specialties, primarily general practitioners, pulmonologists, phthisiologists, and oncologists.

FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION WITH EARLY AND LATE MANIFESTATION, PROGNOSTIC MARKERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Yakubova D.I.
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Fetal Growth Restriction ◽  
Prenatal Screening ◽  
Prognostic Markers ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Late Manifestation ◽  
Late Form ◽  
Early Manifestation

Objective of the study: Comprehensive assessment of risk factors, the implementation of which leads to FGR with early and late manifestation. To evaluate the results of the first prenatal screening: PAPP-A, B-hCG, made at 11-13 weeks. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study included 110 pregnant women. There were 48 pregnant women with early manifestation of fetal growth restriction, 62 pregnant women with late manifestation among them. Results of the study: The risk factors for the formation of the FGR are established. Statistically significant differences in the indicators between groups were not established in the analyses of structures of extragenital pathology. According to I prenatal screening, there were no statistical differences in levels (PAPP-A, b-hCG) in the early and late form of FGR.

Infant mortality in England, 1538–2000: the parish register period, 1538–1837

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-204
Author(s):  
Chris Galley
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Parish Registers

This paper, the second of four, examines patterns and trends in infant mortality during the period 1538–1837 when the principal source available to examine these issues is parish registers. It explains how to calculate infant mortality rates from parish registers, identifies trends and discusses possible explanations for the patterns of change identified. The paper also shows how new estimates of infant mortality can be readily undertaken and ends with suggestions for future research.

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