Soil Erosion Susceptibility Mapping of Imo River Basin Using Modified Geomorphometric Prioritisation Method

Abstract Gullies and other forms of erosion have been the greatest environmental problem and catastrophe in most high- and low-income countries. The challenge posed by soil erosion has compromised agricultural productivity, environmental biodiversity and food safety for the world's population. It is important to identify vulnerable areas to soil erosion in each region to initiate remedial measures. This study demonstrates the use of watershed morphometry coupled with weighted sum analysis (WSA) to estimate the soil erosion susceptibility of the Imo River Basin sub-watersheds (SWs) in South-Eastern Nigeria using satellite remote-sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) analysis. To this end, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 30 m spatial resolution was used to extract and analyse 18 morphometric parameters including basic, linear, shape and relief. The method of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves was used to validate the model's prediction accuracy. This morphometry-based analysis resulted in the SWs being classified into zones of low, medium, high and very high erosion susceptibility. With regard to erosion susceptibility, 41.51% of the basin (2494.68 km2) is in the very high priority zone; while 10.50%, 44.33% and 3.66% of the basin are in the high, medium and low priority zones respectively. Validation of the final erosion susceptibility map showed a prediction accuracy of 81%. The use of satellite imagery and morphometric analysis in this study was cost- and time-effective for identifying areas susceptible to soil erosion.

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Trade Costs in the Developing World: 1996–2010

World Trade Review ◽

10.1017/s147474561500052x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 451-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

JEAN-FRANÇOIS ARVIS ◽

YANN DUVAL ◽

BEN SHEPHERD ◽

CHORTHIP UTOKTHAM ◽

ANASUYA RAJ

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Trade Agreements ◽

Income Group ◽

Trade Costs ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

African Countries ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Group ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Very High

AbstractWe use new data on trade and production in 167 countries to infer estimates of trade costs for manufactured goods and agriculture for 1996‒2010. Trade costs are strongly declining in country income level. Among developing countries, only the upper middle income group has been successful in reducing trade costs faster than elsewhere in the world. Sub-Saharan African countries and low income countries remain subject to very high trade costs. Regional trade agreements, maritime transport connectivity, and trade facilitation performance are important determinants of trade costs.

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Afterword I The status of public health in low-income countries

10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0021 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin Roche ◽

Hélène Broutin ◽

Frederic Simard

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Low Income ◽

Global Scale ◽

High Income ◽

Health Programs ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Public Health Programs ◽

High Burden ◽

The Status ◽

Very High

In this first part of the book, we have highlighted that infectious diseases still impose a very high burden on populations living in low-income countries, with millions of deaths every year attributable to pathogens that have (almost) disappeared in high-income countries (such as malaria or tuberculosis). Numerous public health programs at a global scale are trying to diminish this burden through multiple interventions, involving vaccines, antibiotics, drugs and vector control, among others. Many of these global programs have been extremely successful, but their impacts have been much more striking in high-income countries than in low-income countries, where, despite noticeable successes, achievements are fragile, sustainability is uncertain and there are still many possible improvements....

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Soil Erosion Susceptibility Mapping in Kozetopraghi Catchment, Iran: A Mixed Approach Using Rainfall Simulator and Data Mining Techniques

Land ◽

10.3390/land9100368 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 368

Author(s):

Abazar Esmali Ouri ◽

Mohammad Golshan ◽

Saeid Janizadeh ◽

Artemi Cerdà ◽

Assefa M. Melesse

Keyword(s):

Data Mining ◽

Soil Erosion ◽

Land Degradation ◽

Slope Angle ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Rainfall Simulation ◽

Support Vector ◽

Susceptibility Map ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Adaptive Boosting

Soil erosion determines landforms, soil formation and distribution, soil fertility, and land degradation processes. In arid and semiarid ecosystems, soil erosion is a key process to understand, foresee, and prevent desertification. Addressing soil erosion throughout watersheds scales requires basic information to develop soil erosion control strategies and to reduce land degradation. To assess and remediate the non-sustainable soil erosion rates, restoration programs benefit from the knowledge of the spatial distribution of the soil losses to develop maps of soil erosion. This study presents Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) data mining models to map soil erosion susceptibility in Kozetopraghi watershed, Iran. A soil erosion inventory map was prepared from field rainfall simulation experiments on 174 randomly selected points along the Kozetopraghi watershed. In previous studies, this map has been prepared using indirect methods such as the Universal Soil Loss Equation to assess soil erosion. Direct field measurements for mapping soil erosion susceptibility have so far not been carried out in our study site in the past. The soil erosion rate data generated by simulated rainfall in 1 m2 plots at rainfall rate of 40 mmh−1 was used to develop the soil erosion map. Of the available data, 70% and 30% were randomly classified to calibrate and validate the models, respectively. As a result, the RF model with the highest area under the curve (AUC) value in a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (0.91), and the lowest mean square error (MSE) value (0.09), has the most concordance and spatial differentiation. Sensitivity analysis by Jackknife and IncNodePurity methods indicates that the slope angle is the most important factor within the soil erosion susceptibility map. The RF susceptibility map showed that the areas located in the center and near the watershed outlet have the most susceptibility to soil erosion. This information can be used to support the development of sustainable restoration plans with more accuracy. Our methodology has been evaluated and can be also applied in other regions.

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Sustainability and risk assessment matrix (SRAM): pathway to water security

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2020.196 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 2928-2940

Author(s):

Enovwo Odjegba ◽

Grace Oluwasanya ◽

Adebayo Sadiq ◽

Gail Brion

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Water Supply ◽

Low Income ◽

Sustainability Assessment ◽

Water Security ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Sustainable Water Supply ◽

Assessment Matrix ◽

Very High

Abstract Water security, as a Sustainable Development Goal, ensures that sustainable water supply is consistently available to every individual. A water supply systems (WSS) assessment matrix was designed as a tool for assessing WSS in low-income countries; with selected urban, peri-urban and rural Nigerian communities as case studies. Sustainability of the WSS was assessed through established criteria against five sustainability factors. Sanitary surveys were conducted to evaluate the risks associated with the WSS using sanitary inspection forms, through which the sanitary risk scores (SRS) were derived. For sustainability, the WSS were ranked as Very High, High, Medium and Low Sustainability, and for SRS as Very High, High, Intermediate and Low Risk. A Sustainability and Risk Assessment Matrix (SRAM) was designed using sustainability evaluation and risk assessment for the WSS. The WSS in the rural areas are more ‘Secure’ than those in urban and peri-urban towns, and boreholes are more ‘Secure’ than hand-dug wells, but none of the public water points are scored ‘Secure’. The paper concludes that SRAM provides a cost-effective method of classification and may serve as a pre-water quality and source sustainability assessment tool, especially in low-income countries, as part of the measures to achieve water security.

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Soil erosion vulnerability in the verde river basin, southern minas gerais

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542014000300006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 262-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Vinícius Augusto de Oliveira ◽

Carlos Rogério de Mello ◽

Matheus Fonseca Durães ◽

Antônio Marciano da Silva

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

River Basin ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Rainfall Erosivity ◽

Verde River ◽

Gis Environment ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Very High

Soil erosion is one of the most significant environmental degradation processes. Mapping and assessment of soil erosion vulnerability is an important tool for planning and management of the natural resources. The objective of the present study was to apply the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) using GIS tools to the Verde River Basin (VRB), southern Minas Gerais, in order to assess soil erosion vulnerability. A annual rainfall erosivity map was derived from the geographical model adjusted for Southeastern Brazil, calculating an annual value for each pixel. The maps of soil erodibility (K), topographic factor (LS), and use and management of soils (C) were developed from soils and their uses map and the digital elevation model (DEM) developed for the basin. In a GIS environment, the layers of the factors were combined to create the soil erosion vulnerability map according to RUSLE. The results showed that, in general, the soils of the VRB present a very high vulnerability to water erosion, with 58.68% of soil losses classified as "High" and "Extremely High" classes. In the headwater region of VRB, the predominant classes were "Very High" and "Extremely High" where there is predominance of Cambisols associated with extensive pastures. Furthermore, the integration of RUSLE/GIS showed an efficient tool for spatial characterization of soil erosion vulnerability in this important basin of the Minas Gerais state.

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Landslide susceptibility zonation in the Tartagal River basin, Sierras Subandinas, Salta, Argentina

Andean geology ◽

10.5027/andgeov48n1-3242 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Claudia Paola Cardozo ◽

Guillermo Toyos ◽

Valérie Baumann

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Susceptibility Map ◽

Stereo Pair ◽

High Susceptibility ◽

Conditioning Factors ◽

Inventory Map ◽

Using Data ◽

Very High

On February 2009 intense rainfall triggered landslides in the Tartagal River basin that evolved into a debris flow that caused severe flooding in the town of Tartagal, Salta, Argentina. Based on these events, this paper presents a first attempt to map the landslides susceptibility in the Tartagal River basin. First, we elaborated an inventory map by using a 10 m pixel SPOT image acquired just after the disaster. Second, we evaluated a set of conditioning factors, which included lithology, slope and curvature; we derived the topographical variables from a 12.5 m pixel digital elevation model (DEM) based on a stereo-pair of satellite images ALOS-PRISM. Finally, we used these conditioning factors and the 2009 landslides inventory map as input for a heuristic model to elaborate the susceptibility map. The results indicated that landslides affected an area of 8 km2 and that at least 2.2x106 m3 of material were removed. The susceptibility map identified zones of low, moderate, high and very high susceptibility that occupied 18, 22, 25 and 17 km2, respectively. Accuracy assessment using data covering landslides occurred in 2006 showed that 95% of them fell within the high and very high susceptibility areas. The results presented herein provide vital baseline information for future studies and may contribute for the development of landslide hazard mitigation strategies.

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Quantifying the water soil erosion hazard using RUSLE, GIS, and RS approach: A case study of Al-Qshish River Basin, Lattakia, Syria.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-264124/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hazem Ghassan Abdo

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

River Basin ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Spatial Average ◽

Basic Step ◽

Erosion Hazard ◽

Gis Environment ◽

Very High

Abstract Soil erosion is one of the most prominent geomorphological hazards threatening environmental sustainability in the coastal region of western Syria. The current war conditions in Syria has led to a lack of field data and measurements related to assessing soil erosion. Mapping the spatial distribution of potential soil erosion is a basic step in implementing soil preservation procedures mainly in the river catchments. The present paper aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of soil erosion severity using revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and remote sensing (RS) data in geographic information system (GIS) environment across the whole Al-Qshish river basin. Quantitatively, the annual rate of soil erosion in the study basin was 81.13 t ha− 1 year − 1 with a spatial average reaching 55.18 t ha− 1 year − 1. Spatially, the soil erosion hazard map was produced with classification into five susceptible-zones: very low (40.99%), low (40.49%), moderate (8.90%), high (5.41%) and very high (4.21%). The current study presented a reliable assessment of soil loss rates and classification of erosion-susceptible areas within the study basin. These outputs can be relied upon to create measures for maintaining areas with high and very high soil erosion susceptibility under the current war conditions.

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Happy without money: Minimally monetized societies can exhibit high subjective well-being

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0244569 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0244569

Author(s):

Sara Miñarro ◽

Victoria Reyes-García ◽

Shankar Aswani ◽

Samiya Selim ◽

Christopher P. Barrington-Leigh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Life Satisfaction ◽

Low Income ◽

Well Being ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Monetary Income ◽

Very High ◽

Different Levels

Economic growth is often assumed to improve happiness for people in low income countries, although the association between monetary income and subjective well-being has been a subject of debate. We test this assumption by comparing three different measures of subjective well-being in very low-income communities with different levels of monetization. Contrary to expectations, all three measures of subjective well-being were very high in the least-monetized sites and comparable to those found among citizens of wealthy nations. The reported drivers of happiness shifted with increasing monetization: from enjoying experiential activities in contact with nature at the less monetized sites, to social and economic factors at the more monetized sites. Our results suggest that high levels of subjective well-being can be achieved with minimal monetization, challenging the perception that economic growth will raise life satisfaction among low income populations.

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Soil erosion assessment of a Himalayan river basin using TRMM data

Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences ◽

10.5194/piahs-366-200-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 366 ◽

pp. 200-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Pandey ◽

S. K. Mishra ◽

A. K. Gautam ◽

D. Kumar

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

River Basin ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Daily Rainfall ◽

Point Of View ◽

Rainfall Erosivity ◽

Severe Erosion ◽

Basin Area ◽

Very High ◽

Himalayan River

Abstract. In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the soil erosion of a Himalayan river basin, the Karnali basin, Nepal, using rainfall erosivity (R-factor) derived from satellite-based rainfall estimates (TRMM-3B42 V7). Average annual sediment yield was estimated using the well-known Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The eight-year annual average rainfall erosivity factor (R) for the Karnali River basin was found to be 2620.84 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 year−1. Using intensity–erosivity relationships and eight years of the TRMM daily rainfall dataset (1998–2005), average annual soil erosion was also estimated for Karnali River basin. The minimum and maximum values of the rainfall erosivity factor were 1108.7 and 4868.49 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 year−1, respectively, during the assessment period. The average annual soil loss of the Karnali River basin was found to be 38.17 t ha−1 year−1. Finally, the basin area was categorized according to the following scale of erosion severity classes: Slight (0 to 5 t ha−1 year−1), Moderate (5 to 10 t ha−1 year−1), High (10 to 20 t ha−1 year−1), Very High (20 to 40 t ha−1 year−1), Severe (40 to 80 t ha−1 year−1) and Very Severe (>80 t ha−1 year−1). About 30.86% of the river basin area was found to be in the slight erosion class. The areas covered by the moderate, high, very high, severe and very severe erosion potential zones were 13.09%, 6.36%, 11.09%, 22.02% and 16.64% respectively. The study revealed that approximately 69% of the Karnali River basin needs immediate attention from a soil conservation point of view.

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Three Cases of Joubert Syndrome in a Consanguineous Syrian Family and a Interesting Case of Multinational Collaboration

Journal of Pediatric Genetics ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1721826 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Davor Petrović ◽

Vida Čulić ◽

Zofia Swinderek-Alsayed

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽

Joubert Syndrome ◽

Interesting Case ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Ocular Motor ◽

Quality Health Care ◽

Quality Health ◽

Motor Apraxia

AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) is a rare congenital, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a distinctive brain malformation, developmental delay, ocular motor apraxia, breathing abnormalities, and high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. We are reporting three siblings with JS from consanguineous parents in Syria. Two of them had the same homozygous c.2172delA (p.Trp725Glyfs*) AHI1 mutation and the third was diagnosed prenatally with magnetic resonance imaging. This pathogenic variant is very rare and described in only a few cases in the literature. Multinational collaboration could be of benefit for the patients from undeveloped, low-income countries that have a low-quality health care system, especially for the diagnosis of rare diseases.

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